Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity of Steroidal Saponin Isolated from Ophiopholis mirabilis

Benthic invertebrates produce secondary metabolites that serve as defenses against consumers and promote their fitness. To explore the chemical defense in marine benthic echinoderms, the chemical constituents of Ophiopholis mirabilis were investigated. A steroidal monoglycoside, asterosaponin P1, was isolated from O. mirabilis for the first-time using column chromatography. The chemical structure was characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of the isolated compound were assessed using the zebrafish embryo assay, a powerful vertebrate animal model system to study mechanisms of toxicity. When applied at high concentrations, asterosaponin P1 causes a significant increase in embryo mortality. A moderate LC(50) of asterosaponin P1 appeared to be time- and concentration-dependent in its toxicity to zebrafish embryos. Teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos also included morphological defects, decreased hatchability, and a reduced heart rate. These findings revealed that steroidal saponin extracted from O. mirabilis exhibited acute toxic effects on zebrafish embryos, suggesting a potential chemical defense function in marine habitats.