Ultra-Violet-Assisted Scalable Method to Fabricate Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich Titanium-Dioxide Semiconductor Film for Water Decontamination under Natural Sunlight Irradiation

This work reports the fabrication of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticle (NPs) films using a scalable drop-casting method followed by ultra-violet (UV) irradiation for creating defective oxygen vacancies on the surface of a fabricated TiO(2) semiconductor film using an UV lamp with a wavelength oof 255 nm for 3 h. The success of the use of the proposed scalable strategy to fabricate oxygen-vacancy-rich TiO(2) films was assessed through UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ti 2p XPS spectra acquired from the UV-treated sample showed the presence of additional Ti(3+) ions compared with the untreated sample, which contained only Ti(4+) ions. The band gap of the untreated TiO(2) film was reduced from 3.2 to 2.95 eV after UV exposure due to the created oxygen vacancies, as evident from the presence of Ti(3+) ions. Radiation exposure has no significant influence on sample morphology and peak pattern, as revealed by the SEM and XRD analyses, respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the fabricated TiO(2) films for methylene-blue-dye removal was found to be 99% for the UV-treated TiO(2) films and compared with untreated TiO(2) film, which demonstrated only 77% at the same operating conditions under natural-sunlight irradiation. The proposed UV-radiation method of oxygen vacancy has the potential to promote the wider application of photo-catalytic TiO(2) semiconductor films under visible-light irradiation for solving many environmental and energy-crisis challenges for many industrial and technological applications.