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Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Calcium deposits in the vessel wall in the form of hydroxyapatite can accumulate in the intimal layer, as in atherosclerotic plaque, but also in the medial layer, as in medial arterial calcification (MAC) or medial Möenckeberg sclerosis. Once considered a passive, degenerative process, MAC has recen...

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Autores principales: Nikolajević, Jovana, Šabovič, Mišo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962230/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834544
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043132
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author Nikolajević, Jovana
Šabovič, Mišo
author_facet Nikolajević, Jovana
Šabovič, Mišo
author_sort Nikolajević, Jovana
collection PubMed
description Calcium deposits in the vessel wall in the form of hydroxyapatite can accumulate in the intimal layer, as in atherosclerotic plaque, but also in the medial layer, as in medial arterial calcification (MAC) or medial Möenckeberg sclerosis. Once considered a passive, degenerative process, MAC has recently been shown to be an active process with a complex but tightly regulated pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis and MAC represent distinct clinical entities that correlate in different ways with conventional cardiovascular risk factors. As both entities coexist in the vast majority of patients, it is difficult to estimate the relative contribution of specific risk factors to their development. MAC is strongly associated with age, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Given the complexity of MAC pathophysiology, it is expected that a variety of different factors and signaling pathways may be involved in the development and progression of the disease. In this article, we focus on metabolic factors, primarily hyperphosphatemia and hyperglycemia, and a wide range of possible mechanisms by which they might contribute to the development and progression of MAC. In addition, we provide insight into possible mechanisms by which inflammatory and coagulation factors are involved in vascular calcification processes. A better understanding of the complexity of MAC and the mechanisms involved in its development is essential for the development of potential preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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spelling pubmed-99622302023-02-26 Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease Nikolajević, Jovana Šabovič, Mišo Int J Mol Sci Review Calcium deposits in the vessel wall in the form of hydroxyapatite can accumulate in the intimal layer, as in atherosclerotic plaque, but also in the medial layer, as in medial arterial calcification (MAC) or medial Möenckeberg sclerosis. Once considered a passive, degenerative process, MAC has recently been shown to be an active process with a complex but tightly regulated pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis and MAC represent distinct clinical entities that correlate in different ways with conventional cardiovascular risk factors. As both entities coexist in the vast majority of patients, it is difficult to estimate the relative contribution of specific risk factors to their development. MAC is strongly associated with age, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Given the complexity of MAC pathophysiology, it is expected that a variety of different factors and signaling pathways may be involved in the development and progression of the disease. In this article, we focus on metabolic factors, primarily hyperphosphatemia and hyperglycemia, and a wide range of possible mechanisms by which they might contribute to the development and progression of MAC. In addition, we provide insight into possible mechanisms by which inflammatory and coagulation factors are involved in vascular calcification processes. A better understanding of the complexity of MAC and the mechanisms involved in its development is essential for the development of potential preventive and therapeutic strategies. MDPI 2023-02-05 /pmc/articles/PMC9962230/ /pubmed/36834544 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043132 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Nikolajević, Jovana
Šabovič, Mišo
Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
title Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
title_full Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
title_fullStr Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
title_full_unstemmed Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
title_short Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Coagulation Effects on Medial Arterial Calcification in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
title_sort inflammatory, metabolic, and coagulation effects on medial arterial calcification in patients with peripheral arterial disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962230/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834544
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043132
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