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Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking

Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is a gait deviation characterized by forefoot contact with the ground and excessive ankle plantarflexion over the entire gait cycle observed in otherwise-typical developing children. The clinical evaluation of ITW is usually performed using optoelectronic systems analyzi...

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Autores principales: Brasiliano, Paolo, Mascia, Guido, Di Feo, Paolo, Di Stanislao, Eugenio, Alvini, Martina, Vannozzi, Giuseppe, Camomilla, Valentina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962364/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36837977
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020277
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author Brasiliano, Paolo
Mascia, Guido
Di Feo, Paolo
Di Stanislao, Eugenio
Alvini, Martina
Vannozzi, Giuseppe
Camomilla, Valentina
author_facet Brasiliano, Paolo
Mascia, Guido
Di Feo, Paolo
Di Stanislao, Eugenio
Alvini, Martina
Vannozzi, Giuseppe
Camomilla, Valentina
author_sort Brasiliano, Paolo
collection PubMed
description Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is a gait deviation characterized by forefoot contact with the ground and excessive ankle plantarflexion over the entire gait cycle observed in otherwise-typical developing children. The clinical evaluation of ITW is usually performed using optoelectronic systems analyzing the sagittal component of ankle kinematics and kinetics. However, in standardized laboratory contexts, these children can adopt a typical walking pattern instead of a toe walk, thus hindering the laboratory-based clinical evaluation. With these premises, measuring gait in a more ecological environment may be crucial in this population. As a first step towards adopting wearable clinical protocols embedding magneto-inertial sensors and pressure insoles, this study analyzed the performance of three algorithms for gait events identification based on shank and/or foot sensors. Foot strike and foot off were estimated from gait measurements taken from children with ITW walking barefoot and while wearing a foot orthosis. Although no single algorithm stands out as best from all perspectives, preferable algorithms were devised for event identification, temporal parameters estimate and heel and forefoot rocker identification, depending on the barefoot/shoed condition. Errors more often led to an erroneous characterization of the heel rocker, especially in shoed condition. The ITW gait specificity may cause errors in the identification of the foot strike which, in turn, influences the characterization of the heel rocker and, therefore, of the pathologic ITW behavior.
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spelling pubmed-99623642023-02-26 Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking Brasiliano, Paolo Mascia, Guido Di Feo, Paolo Di Stanislao, Eugenio Alvini, Martina Vannozzi, Giuseppe Camomilla, Valentina Micromachines (Basel) Article Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is a gait deviation characterized by forefoot contact with the ground and excessive ankle plantarflexion over the entire gait cycle observed in otherwise-typical developing children. The clinical evaluation of ITW is usually performed using optoelectronic systems analyzing the sagittal component of ankle kinematics and kinetics. However, in standardized laboratory contexts, these children can adopt a typical walking pattern instead of a toe walk, thus hindering the laboratory-based clinical evaluation. With these premises, measuring gait in a more ecological environment may be crucial in this population. As a first step towards adopting wearable clinical protocols embedding magneto-inertial sensors and pressure insoles, this study analyzed the performance of three algorithms for gait events identification based on shank and/or foot sensors. Foot strike and foot off were estimated from gait measurements taken from children with ITW walking barefoot and while wearing a foot orthosis. Although no single algorithm stands out as best from all perspectives, preferable algorithms were devised for event identification, temporal parameters estimate and heel and forefoot rocker identification, depending on the barefoot/shoed condition. Errors more often led to an erroneous characterization of the heel rocker, especially in shoed condition. The ITW gait specificity may cause errors in the identification of the foot strike which, in turn, influences the characterization of the heel rocker and, therefore, of the pathologic ITW behavior. MDPI 2023-01-21 /pmc/articles/PMC9962364/ /pubmed/36837977 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020277 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Brasiliano, Paolo
Mascia, Guido
Di Feo, Paolo
Di Stanislao, Eugenio
Alvini, Martina
Vannozzi, Giuseppe
Camomilla, Valentina
Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking
title Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking
title_full Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking
title_fullStr Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking
title_full_unstemmed Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking
title_short Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking
title_sort impact of gait events identification through wearable inertial sensors on clinical gait analysis of children with idiopathic toe walking
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962364/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36837977
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020277
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