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Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue
The increased metabolic activity of the heart as a pump involves a high demand of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production for its mechanical and electrical activities accomplished mainly via oxidative phosphorylation, supplying up to 95% of the necessary ATP production, with the rest a...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962558/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834946 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043534 |
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author | Manolis, Antonis S. Manolis, Theodora A. Manolis, Antonis A. |
author_facet | Manolis, Antonis S. Manolis, Theodora A. Manolis, Antonis A. |
author_sort | Manolis, Antonis S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The increased metabolic activity of the heart as a pump involves a high demand of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production for its mechanical and electrical activities accomplished mainly via oxidative phosphorylation, supplying up to 95% of the necessary ATP production, with the rest attained by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. In the normal human heart, fatty acids provide the principal fuel (40–70%) for ATP generation, followed mainly by glucose (20–30%), and to a lesser degree (<5%) by other substrates (lactate, ketones, pyruvate and amino acids). Although ketones contribute 4–15% under normal situations, the rate of glucose use is drastically diminished in the hypertrophied and failing heart which switches to ketone bodies as an alternate fuel which are oxidized in lieu of glucose, and if adequately abundant, they reduce myocardial fat delivery and usage. Increasing cardiac ketone body oxidation appears beneficial in the context of heart failure (HF) and other pathological cardiovascular (CV) conditions. Also, an enhanced expression of genes crucial for ketone break down facilitates fat or ketone usage which averts or slows down HF, potentially by avoiding the use of glucose-derived carbon needed for anabolic processes. These issues of ketone body utilization in HF and other CV diseases are herein reviewed and pictorially illustrated. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9962558 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99625582023-02-26 Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue Manolis, Antonis S. Manolis, Theodora A. Manolis, Antonis A. Int J Mol Sci Review The increased metabolic activity of the heart as a pump involves a high demand of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production for its mechanical and electrical activities accomplished mainly via oxidative phosphorylation, supplying up to 95% of the necessary ATP production, with the rest attained by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. In the normal human heart, fatty acids provide the principal fuel (40–70%) for ATP generation, followed mainly by glucose (20–30%), and to a lesser degree (<5%) by other substrates (lactate, ketones, pyruvate and amino acids). Although ketones contribute 4–15% under normal situations, the rate of glucose use is drastically diminished in the hypertrophied and failing heart which switches to ketone bodies as an alternate fuel which are oxidized in lieu of glucose, and if adequately abundant, they reduce myocardial fat delivery and usage. Increasing cardiac ketone body oxidation appears beneficial in the context of heart failure (HF) and other pathological cardiovascular (CV) conditions. Also, an enhanced expression of genes crucial for ketone break down facilitates fat or ketone usage which averts or slows down HF, potentially by avoiding the use of glucose-derived carbon needed for anabolic processes. These issues of ketone body utilization in HF and other CV diseases are herein reviewed and pictorially illustrated. MDPI 2023-02-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9962558/ /pubmed/36834946 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043534 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Manolis, Antonis S. Manolis, Theodora A. Manolis, Antonis A. Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue |
title | Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue |
title_full | Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue |
title_fullStr | Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue |
title_full_unstemmed | Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue |
title_short | Ketone Bodies and Cardiovascular Disease: An Alternate Fuel Source to the Rescue |
title_sort | ketone bodies and cardiovascular disease: an alternate fuel source to the rescue |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9962558/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834946 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043534 |
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