Salinity Moderated the Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) towards the Early Development of Takifugu obscurus

ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been applied in a wide range of fields due to their unique properties. However, their ecotoxicological threats are reorganized after being discharged. Their toxic effect on anadromous fish could be complicated due to the salinity fluctuations during migration between freshwater and brackish water. In this study, the combined impact of ZnO NPs and salinity on the early development of a typical anadromous fish, obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus), was evaluated by (i) observation of the nanoparticle characterization in salt solution; (ii) quantification of the toxicity to embryos, newly hatched larvae, and larvae; and (iii) toxicological analysis using biomarkers. It is indicated that with increased salinity level in brackish water (10 ppt), the toxicity of ZnO NPs decreased due to reduced dissolved Zn(2+) content, leading to higher hatch rate of embryos and survival rate of larvae than in freshwater (0 ppt). The irregular antioxidant enzyme activity changes are attributed to the toxic effects of nanoparticles on CAT (catalase), but further determination is required. The results of present study have the significance to guide the wildlife conservation of Takifugu obscurus population.