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Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City
The occurrence, bioaccumulation, and risks of 11 pairs of pharmaceutical metabolites and their respective parents were investigated in the water, sediment, and fish of an urban river in Nanjing city, China. The results showed that most of the target metabolites and their parents were detected in all...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9964203/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36833664 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042967 |
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author | Yan, Zhenhua Zhou, Yixin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Xiadong |
author_facet | Yan, Zhenhua Zhou, Yixin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Xiadong |
author_sort | Yan, Zhenhua |
collection | PubMed |
description | The occurrence, bioaccumulation, and risks of 11 pairs of pharmaceutical metabolites and their respective parents were investigated in the water, sediment, and fish of an urban river in Nanjing city, China. The results showed that most of the target metabolites and their parents were detected in all water samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng/L to 72.9 ng/L. In some cases, the concentrations of metabolites in water were significantly higher than their parents, with fold changes reaching up 4.1 in the wet season and 6.6 in the dry season, while in sediment and fish, a lower concentration was observed in most cases. A lowered concentration of detected pharmaceuticals was observed in the dry season when compared to the wet season due to the seasonal variation in pharmaceutical consumption and overflow effluent. The bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in different fish tissues were detected with a descending order of overall concentration as gill > brain > muscle > gonad > intestine > liver > blood. In addition, the concentrations of both metabolites and their parents also decreased along the river in two seasons. However, the concentration rates of metabolites and their parents were significantly altered along the river in both water and sediment. The relatively high concentration proportions of the detected pharmaceuticals in water suggested that pharmaceuticals were more likely to apportion in water than in sediment, especially for the metabolites. Meanwhile, the rates of the metabolite/parent pairs between fish and water/sediment were generally lower, indicating the higher excretion capacity of metabolites from fish than their parents. Most of the detected pharmaceuticals had no impact on aquatic organisms. However, the presence of ibuprofen posed a medium risk to fish. Compared to the parents, metabolites showed a relatively low risk value but a high contribution to the total risk. It highlights that metabolites in the aquatic environments cannot be ignored. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9964203 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99642032023-02-26 Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City Yan, Zhenhua Zhou, Yixin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Xiadong Int J Environ Res Public Health Article The occurrence, bioaccumulation, and risks of 11 pairs of pharmaceutical metabolites and their respective parents were investigated in the water, sediment, and fish of an urban river in Nanjing city, China. The results showed that most of the target metabolites and their parents were detected in all water samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng/L to 72.9 ng/L. In some cases, the concentrations of metabolites in water were significantly higher than their parents, with fold changes reaching up 4.1 in the wet season and 6.6 in the dry season, while in sediment and fish, a lower concentration was observed in most cases. A lowered concentration of detected pharmaceuticals was observed in the dry season when compared to the wet season due to the seasonal variation in pharmaceutical consumption and overflow effluent. The bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in different fish tissues were detected with a descending order of overall concentration as gill > brain > muscle > gonad > intestine > liver > blood. In addition, the concentrations of both metabolites and their parents also decreased along the river in two seasons. However, the concentration rates of metabolites and their parents were significantly altered along the river in both water and sediment. The relatively high concentration proportions of the detected pharmaceuticals in water suggested that pharmaceuticals were more likely to apportion in water than in sediment, especially for the metabolites. Meanwhile, the rates of the metabolite/parent pairs between fish and water/sediment were generally lower, indicating the higher excretion capacity of metabolites from fish than their parents. Most of the detected pharmaceuticals had no impact on aquatic organisms. However, the presence of ibuprofen posed a medium risk to fish. Compared to the parents, metabolites showed a relatively low risk value but a high contribution to the total risk. It highlights that metabolites in the aquatic environments cannot be ignored. MDPI 2023-02-08 /pmc/articles/PMC9964203/ /pubmed/36833664 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042967 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Yan, Zhenhua Zhou, Yixin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Xiadong Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City |
title | Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City |
title_full | Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City |
title_fullStr | Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City |
title_full_unstemmed | Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City |
title_short | Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City |
title_sort | distribution, bioaccumulation, and risks of pharmaceutical metabolites and their parents: a case study in an yunliang river, nanjing city |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9964203/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36833664 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042967 |
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