Analysis of Antibodies Induced after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Using Antigen Coded Bead Array Luminex Technology

Objectives. Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, nearly 12.2 billion doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have been administered worldwide; however, the humoral immune responses induced by different types of vaccines are yet to be fully validated. Methods. We analyzed antibody levels in 100 serum samples after vaccination with different types of COVID-19 vaccines and their reactivity against the RBD antigen of Delta and Omicron variants using a bead-based microarray. Results. Elevated levels of anti-wild-type (WT)-RBD IgG and anti-WT-NP IgG were detected in participants who received two doses of the inactivated vaccines (CoronaVac or BBIBP-CorV) and three doses of the recombinant spike protein vaccine (ZF2001), indicating that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 were generated regardless of the vaccine administered. We found highly correlated levels of serum anti-RBD IgG and anti-NP IgG (r = 0.432, p < 0.001). We observed that the antibodies produced in vivo after COVID-19 vaccination still reacted with variants of SARS-CoV-2 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions. Our results show that high levels of specific antibodies can be produced after completion of COVID-19 vaccination (two doses of the inactivated vaccines or three doses of ZF2001), with some degree of cross-reactivity to the RBD antigen of Delta and Omicron variants, and provide an accessible and practical experimental method for post-vaccination antibody detection.