Insecticidal Activities of Sophora flavescens Alt. towards Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren)

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is a worldwide invasive and dangerous insect that is controlled mainly by chemical insecticides. Plant-derived insecticidal compounds are generally better than synthetic insecticides for environmental compatibility and the biosafety of non-targets. The toxicity of the ethanol extract of Sophora flavescens roots against S. invicta was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The ethanol extract showed toxicity against minor and medium workers of S. invicta with 7-day LC(50) values of 1426.25 and 2292.60 mg/L, respectively. By bioactivity-directed chromatographic separations using the minor worker as the test insect, two active compounds, matrine and sophocarpine, were isolated from the S. flavescens total alkaloids; their chemical structure was identified by (13)C NMR data. Matrine showed toxicities against minor and medium workers with 7-day LC(50) values of 46.77 and 71.49 mg/L, respectively, and for sophocarpine, 50.08 and 85.87 mg/L, respectively. The two compounds could substantially reduce the foraging response, food consumption, and aggregation of S. invicta workers at a sublethal concentration of 15 mg/L. The present research suggests that S. flavescens roots have potential as a natural control agent for red imported fire ants.