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The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts

The objectives of the present study consisted of identifying the impact of extraction methods and parameters held over the phytochemistry and biological activities of green coffee beans. Extraction processes belonging to two categories were performed: classical methods—maceration, Soxhlet extraction...

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Autores principales: Gligor, Octavia, Clichici, Simona, Moldovan, Remus, Muntean, Dana, Vlase, Ana-Maria, Nadăș, George Cosmin, Matei, Ioana Adriana, Filip, Gabriela Adriana, Vlase, Laurian, Crișan, Gianina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9966978/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36840060
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040712
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author Gligor, Octavia
Clichici, Simona
Moldovan, Remus
Muntean, Dana
Vlase, Ana-Maria
Nadăș, George Cosmin
Matei, Ioana Adriana
Filip, Gabriela Adriana
Vlase, Laurian
Crișan, Gianina
author_facet Gligor, Octavia
Clichici, Simona
Moldovan, Remus
Muntean, Dana
Vlase, Ana-Maria
Nadăș, George Cosmin
Matei, Ioana Adriana
Filip, Gabriela Adriana
Vlase, Laurian
Crișan, Gianina
author_sort Gligor, Octavia
collection PubMed
description The objectives of the present study consisted of identifying the impact of extraction methods and parameters held over the phytochemistry and biological activities of green coffee beans. Extraction processes belonging to two categories were performed: classical methods—maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and such innovative methods as turboextraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and a combination of the latter two. Total polyphenolic and flavonoid content, as well as in vitro antioxidant activity of the resulted extracts were spectrophotometrically determined. Extracts displaying the highest yields of bioactive compounds were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. The extracts with the best phytochemical profiles were selected for biological activity assessment. In vivo, a model of plantar inflammation in Wistar rats was used to determine antioxidant activity, by evaluating the oxidative stress reduction potential, and anti-inflammatory activity. In vitro antimicrobial activity was also determined. The Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction gave the highest bioactive compound yields. The highest total polyphenolic content was 2.691 mg/mL gallic acid equivalents and total flavonoid content was 0.487 mM quercetin equivalents for the Soxhlet extract subjected to 60 min extraction time. Regarding the antioxidant activity, ultrasound-assisted extraction reached the highest levels, i.e., 9.160 mg/mL Trolox equivalents in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay and 26.676 mM Trolox equivalents in the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay, at a 30 min extraction time and 50 °C extraction temperature. The 60 min Soxhlet extract reached the highest level for the ABTS(+) (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay, 16.136 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively. Chlorogenic acid was present in the highest concentration in the same Soxhlet extract, 1657.179 µg/mL extract, respectively. Sterolic compounds were found in high concentrations throughout all the analyzed extracts. A proportional increase between yields and extraction parameter values was observed. Increased inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria was observed. The finally selected Soxhlet extract, that of 60 min extraction time, presented a significant in vivo antioxidant activity, with a slight anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant levels were elevated after 2 h of extract administration. Pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion was not influenced by the administration of the extract.
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spelling pubmed-99669782023-02-26 The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts Gligor, Octavia Clichici, Simona Moldovan, Remus Muntean, Dana Vlase, Ana-Maria Nadăș, George Cosmin Matei, Ioana Adriana Filip, Gabriela Adriana Vlase, Laurian Crișan, Gianina Plants (Basel) Article The objectives of the present study consisted of identifying the impact of extraction methods and parameters held over the phytochemistry and biological activities of green coffee beans. Extraction processes belonging to two categories were performed: classical methods—maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and such innovative methods as turboextraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and a combination of the latter two. Total polyphenolic and flavonoid content, as well as in vitro antioxidant activity of the resulted extracts were spectrophotometrically determined. Extracts displaying the highest yields of bioactive compounds were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. The extracts with the best phytochemical profiles were selected for biological activity assessment. In vivo, a model of plantar inflammation in Wistar rats was used to determine antioxidant activity, by evaluating the oxidative stress reduction potential, and anti-inflammatory activity. In vitro antimicrobial activity was also determined. The Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction gave the highest bioactive compound yields. The highest total polyphenolic content was 2.691 mg/mL gallic acid equivalents and total flavonoid content was 0.487 mM quercetin equivalents for the Soxhlet extract subjected to 60 min extraction time. Regarding the antioxidant activity, ultrasound-assisted extraction reached the highest levels, i.e., 9.160 mg/mL Trolox equivalents in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay and 26.676 mM Trolox equivalents in the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay, at a 30 min extraction time and 50 °C extraction temperature. The 60 min Soxhlet extract reached the highest level for the ABTS(+) (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay, 16.136 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively. Chlorogenic acid was present in the highest concentration in the same Soxhlet extract, 1657.179 µg/mL extract, respectively. Sterolic compounds were found in high concentrations throughout all the analyzed extracts. A proportional increase between yields and extraction parameter values was observed. Increased inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria was observed. The finally selected Soxhlet extract, that of 60 min extraction time, presented a significant in vivo antioxidant activity, with a slight anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant levels were elevated after 2 h of extract administration. Pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion was not influenced by the administration of the extract. MDPI 2023-02-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9966978/ /pubmed/36840060 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040712 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Gligor, Octavia
Clichici, Simona
Moldovan, Remus
Muntean, Dana
Vlase, Ana-Maria
Nadăș, George Cosmin
Matei, Ioana Adriana
Filip, Gabriela Adriana
Vlase, Laurian
Crișan, Gianina
The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts
title The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts
title_full The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts
title_fullStr The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts
title_full_unstemmed The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts
title_short The Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Green Coffee Beans Extracts
title_sort effect of extraction methods on phytochemicals and biological activities of green coffee beans extracts
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9966978/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36840060
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040712
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