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Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens
Xanthones are a class of secondary metabolites produced by plant organisms. They are characterized by a wide structural variety and numerous biological activities that make them valuable metabolites for use in the pharmaceutical field. This review shows the current knowledge of the xanthone biosynth...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967055/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36840041 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040694 |
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author | Badiali, Camilla Petruccelli, Valerio Brasili, Elisa Pasqua, Gabriella |
author_facet | Badiali, Camilla Petruccelli, Valerio Brasili, Elisa Pasqua, Gabriella |
author_sort | Badiali, Camilla |
collection | PubMed |
description | Xanthones are a class of secondary metabolites produced by plant organisms. They are characterized by a wide structural variety and numerous biological activities that make them valuable metabolites for use in the pharmaceutical field. This review shows the current knowledge of the xanthone biosynthetic pathway with a focus on the precursors and the enzymes involved, as well as on the cellular and organ localization of xanthones in plants. Xanthone biosynthesis in plants involves the shikimate and the acetate pathways which originate in plastids and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The pathway continues following three alternative routes, two phenylalanine-dependent and one phenylalanine-independent. All three routes lead to the biosynthesis of 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, which is the central intermediate. Unlike plants, the xanthone core in fungi and lichens is wholly derived from polyketide. Although organs and tissues synthesizing and accumulating xanthones are known in plants, no information is yet available on their subcellular and cellular localization in fungi and lichens. This review highlights the studies published to date on xanthone biosynthesis and trafficking in plant organisms, from which it emerges that the mechanisms underlying their synthesis need to be further investigated in order to exploit them for application purposes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9967055 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99670552023-02-26 Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens Badiali, Camilla Petruccelli, Valerio Brasili, Elisa Pasqua, Gabriella Plants (Basel) Review Xanthones are a class of secondary metabolites produced by plant organisms. They are characterized by a wide structural variety and numerous biological activities that make them valuable metabolites for use in the pharmaceutical field. This review shows the current knowledge of the xanthone biosynthetic pathway with a focus on the precursors and the enzymes involved, as well as on the cellular and organ localization of xanthones in plants. Xanthone biosynthesis in plants involves the shikimate and the acetate pathways which originate in plastids and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The pathway continues following three alternative routes, two phenylalanine-dependent and one phenylalanine-independent. All three routes lead to the biosynthesis of 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, which is the central intermediate. Unlike plants, the xanthone core in fungi and lichens is wholly derived from polyketide. Although organs and tissues synthesizing and accumulating xanthones are known in plants, no information is yet available on their subcellular and cellular localization in fungi and lichens. This review highlights the studies published to date on xanthone biosynthesis and trafficking in plant organisms, from which it emerges that the mechanisms underlying their synthesis need to be further investigated in order to exploit them for application purposes. MDPI 2023-02-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9967055/ /pubmed/36840041 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040694 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Badiali, Camilla Petruccelli, Valerio Brasili, Elisa Pasqua, Gabriella Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens |
title | Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens |
title_full | Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens |
title_fullStr | Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens |
title_full_unstemmed | Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens |
title_short | Xanthones: Biosynthesis and Trafficking in Plants, Fungi and Lichens |
title_sort | xanthones: biosynthesis and trafficking in plants, fungi and lichens |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967055/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36840041 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040694 |
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