Cargando…

The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients by dosing specific IgM and IgG total antibodies and interleukin 6, correlating them with the hematological and biochemical blood parameters and comparing them by the form of the disease. Ma...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Trofin, Felicia, Nastase, Eduard-Vasile, Vâță, Andrei, Iancu, Luminița Smaranda, Luncă, Cătălina, Buzilă, Elena Roxana, Vlad, Mădălina Alexandra, Dorneanu, Olivia Simona
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967162/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36838284
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020319
_version_ 1784897196319047680
author Trofin, Felicia
Nastase, Eduard-Vasile
Vâță, Andrei
Iancu, Luminița Smaranda
Luncă, Cătălina
Buzilă, Elena Roxana
Vlad, Mădălina Alexandra
Dorneanu, Olivia Simona
author_facet Trofin, Felicia
Nastase, Eduard-Vasile
Vâță, Andrei
Iancu, Luminița Smaranda
Luncă, Cătălina
Buzilă, Elena Roxana
Vlad, Mădălina Alexandra
Dorneanu, Olivia Simona
author_sort Trofin, Felicia
collection PubMed
description Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients by dosing specific IgM and IgG total antibodies and interleukin 6, correlating them with the hematological and biochemical blood parameters and comparing them by the form of the disease. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty-five patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19, hospitalized between 15.03.2020 and 1.07.2020 in the Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva” Iaşi, were tested by chemiluminescence for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and IL-6 in the serum. The results were correlated with the results of the CBC count and serum biochemical parameters detected on the admission day. The patients presented different forms of the disease (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical) according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the clinical management of COVID-19. Results: The amplitude of the immune response was directly correlated with the form of the disease. In the asymptomatic/mild form patients, the IL-6 and CRP concentrations were significantly higher and eosinophil count was significantly lower compared with the reference interval. In the moderate form, the concentrations of IL-6, CRP, and IgG were significantly higher, compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count and eGFR were significantly lower. In severe/critical COVID-19 patients, IL-6, CRP, NLR, PLR, glucose, AST, urea, creatinine, and eGFR were significantly higher compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count was significantly lower. IL-6 boosted in all forms of COVID-19, with a major increase in severe and critical patients. IL-6, neutrophil count, % neutrophils, NLR, PLR, CRP, AST, and urea increased with the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the lymphocyte count, % lymphocytes, eosinophil count, % eosinophils, and hemoglobin decreased with the increased severity of COVID-19. Conclusions: The amplitude and the moment of appearance of the immune response depended on the form of the disease. IgM generally occurred in the first 14 days of illness, and IgG appeared beginning with the second week of disease. IgG titer increased rapidly until the fourth week of disease and decreased slowly after 4 weeks. The amplitudes of all the tested inflammatory and serological markers depended on the COVID-19 form, increasing somewhat in the moderate forms and even more in the critical ones. The lymphocyte and eosinophil count are able to predict the risk of severe COVID-19.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9967162
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2023
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-99671622023-02-26 The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease Trofin, Felicia Nastase, Eduard-Vasile Vâță, Andrei Iancu, Luminița Smaranda Luncă, Cătălina Buzilă, Elena Roxana Vlad, Mădălina Alexandra Dorneanu, Olivia Simona Microorganisms Article Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients by dosing specific IgM and IgG total antibodies and interleukin 6, correlating them with the hematological and biochemical blood parameters and comparing them by the form of the disease. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty-five patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19, hospitalized between 15.03.2020 and 1.07.2020 in the Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva” Iaşi, were tested by chemiluminescence for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and IL-6 in the serum. The results were correlated with the results of the CBC count and serum biochemical parameters detected on the admission day. The patients presented different forms of the disease (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical) according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the clinical management of COVID-19. Results: The amplitude of the immune response was directly correlated with the form of the disease. In the asymptomatic/mild form patients, the IL-6 and CRP concentrations were significantly higher and eosinophil count was significantly lower compared with the reference interval. In the moderate form, the concentrations of IL-6, CRP, and IgG were significantly higher, compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count and eGFR were significantly lower. In severe/critical COVID-19 patients, IL-6, CRP, NLR, PLR, glucose, AST, urea, creatinine, and eGFR were significantly higher compared with the reference interval, while eosinophil count was significantly lower. IL-6 boosted in all forms of COVID-19, with a major increase in severe and critical patients. IL-6, neutrophil count, % neutrophils, NLR, PLR, CRP, AST, and urea increased with the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the lymphocyte count, % lymphocytes, eosinophil count, % eosinophils, and hemoglobin decreased with the increased severity of COVID-19. Conclusions: The amplitude and the moment of appearance of the immune response depended on the form of the disease. IgM generally occurred in the first 14 days of illness, and IgG appeared beginning with the second week of disease. IgG titer increased rapidly until the fourth week of disease and decreased slowly after 4 weeks. The amplitudes of all the tested inflammatory and serological markers depended on the COVID-19 form, increasing somewhat in the moderate forms and even more in the critical ones. The lymphocyte and eosinophil count are able to predict the risk of severe COVID-19. MDPI 2023-01-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9967162/ /pubmed/36838284 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020319 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Trofin, Felicia
Nastase, Eduard-Vasile
Vâță, Andrei
Iancu, Luminița Smaranda
Luncă, Cătălina
Buzilă, Elena Roxana
Vlad, Mădălina Alexandra
Dorneanu, Olivia Simona
The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease
title The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease
title_full The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease
title_fullStr The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease
title_full_unstemmed The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease
title_short The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease
title_sort immune, inflammatory and hematological response in covid-19 patients, according to the severity of the disease
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967162/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36838284
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020319
work_keys_str_mv AT trofinfelicia theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT nastaseeduardvasile theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT vataandrei theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT ianculuminitasmaranda theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT luncacatalina theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT buzilaelenaroxana theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT vladmadalinaalexandra theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT dorneanuoliviasimona theimmuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT trofinfelicia immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT nastaseeduardvasile immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT vataandrei immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT ianculuminitasmaranda immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT luncacatalina immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT buzilaelenaroxana immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT vladmadalinaalexandra immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease
AT dorneanuoliviasimona immuneinflammatoryandhematologicalresponseincovid19patientsaccordingtotheseverityofthedisease