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Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways

Type 2 immune responses are characterized by elevated type 2 cytokines and blood eosinophilia. Emerging evidence suggests that people with chronic type 2 inflammatory lung diseases are not particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intriguingly, recent in vitro, ex vivo research demonstrates...

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Autores principales: Pathinayake, Prabuddha S., Awatade, Nikhil T., Wark, Peter A. B.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967553/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36851616
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020402
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author Pathinayake, Prabuddha S.
Awatade, Nikhil T.
Wark, Peter A. B.
author_facet Pathinayake, Prabuddha S.
Awatade, Nikhil T.
Wark, Peter A. B.
author_sort Pathinayake, Prabuddha S.
collection PubMed
description Type 2 immune responses are characterized by elevated type 2 cytokines and blood eosinophilia. Emerging evidence suggests that people with chronic type 2 inflammatory lung diseases are not particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intriguingly, recent in vitro, ex vivo research demonstrates type 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the airway epithelium. IL-13 treatment in airway epithelial cells followed by SARS-CoV-2 diminished viral entry, replication, spread, and cell death. IL-13 reduces the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the airway epithelium and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), particularly in ciliated cells. It also alters the cellular composition toward a secretory-cell-rich phenotype reducing total ciliated cells and, thus, reducing viral tropism. IL-13 enhances Muc5ac mucin and glycocalyx secretion in the periciliary layer, which acts as a physical barrier to restrict virus attachment. Moreover, type 2 airway immune cells, such as M2 alveolar macrophages, CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells, and innate lymphoid 2 cells, may also rescue type 2 airways from SARS-CoV-2-induced adverse effects. In this review, we discuss recent findings that demonstrate how type 2 immunity alters immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its consequences on COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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spelling pubmed-99675532023-02-27 Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways Pathinayake, Prabuddha S. Awatade, Nikhil T. Wark, Peter A. B. Viruses Review Type 2 immune responses are characterized by elevated type 2 cytokines and blood eosinophilia. Emerging evidence suggests that people with chronic type 2 inflammatory lung diseases are not particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intriguingly, recent in vitro, ex vivo research demonstrates type 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the airway epithelium. IL-13 treatment in airway epithelial cells followed by SARS-CoV-2 diminished viral entry, replication, spread, and cell death. IL-13 reduces the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the airway epithelium and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), particularly in ciliated cells. It also alters the cellular composition toward a secretory-cell-rich phenotype reducing total ciliated cells and, thus, reducing viral tropism. IL-13 enhances Muc5ac mucin and glycocalyx secretion in the periciliary layer, which acts as a physical barrier to restrict virus attachment. Moreover, type 2 airway immune cells, such as M2 alveolar macrophages, CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells, and innate lymphoid 2 cells, may also rescue type 2 airways from SARS-CoV-2-induced adverse effects. In this review, we discuss recent findings that demonstrate how type 2 immunity alters immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its consequences on COVID-19 pathogenesis. MDPI 2023-01-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9967553/ /pubmed/36851616 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020402 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Pathinayake, Prabuddha S.
Awatade, Nikhil T.
Wark, Peter A. B.
Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways
title Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways
title_full Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways
title_fullStr Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways
title_full_unstemmed Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways
title_short Type 2 Immunity and Its Impact on COVID-19 Infection in the Airways
title_sort type 2 immunity and its impact on covid-19 infection in the airways
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967553/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36851616
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020402
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