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Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems
Aquatic environments could be reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts with acquired antifungal resistance. The susceptibility to antifungal agents of yeasts present in the wastewater and natural waters of the city of Cali was evaluated. Samples were taken from two types of water: drinking water (Meléndez Ri...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9968106/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834128 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043428 |
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author | Caicedo-Bejarano, Luz Dary Osorio-Vanegas, Lizeth Stefania Ramírez-Castrillón, Mauricio Castillo, Jorge Enrique Martínez-Garay, Carlos Andrés Chávez-Vivas, Mónica |
author_facet | Caicedo-Bejarano, Luz Dary Osorio-Vanegas, Lizeth Stefania Ramírez-Castrillón, Mauricio Castillo, Jorge Enrique Martínez-Garay, Carlos Andrés Chávez-Vivas, Mónica |
author_sort | Caicedo-Bejarano, Luz Dary |
collection | PubMed |
description | Aquatic environments could be reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts with acquired antifungal resistance. The susceptibility to antifungal agents of yeasts present in the wastewater and natural waters of the city of Cali was evaluated. Samples were taken from two types of water: drinking water (Meléndez River, drinking water treatment plant “Puerto Mallarino” in the Cauca River) and wastewater (South Channel of the Cauca River, “Cañaveralejo-PTAR” wastewater treatment plant). Physico-chemical parameters, heavy metal concentration, and yeast levels were determined using standard procedures. Yeasts were identified using API 20 C AUX (BioMérieux) and sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D1/D2 regions of the large subunit of the ribosome. Susceptibility assays against fluconazole and amphotericin B using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test were determined using the microdilution method. The influence of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals was established using principal component analysis (PCA). Yeast counts were higher at WWTP “PTAR” and lower at Melendez River, as expected. A total of 14 genera and 21 yeast species was identified, and the genus Candida was present at all locations. Susceptibility tests showed a 32.7% resistance profile to fluconazole in the order DWTP “Puerto Mallarino = WWTP “PTAR” > South Channel “Navarro”. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters/concentration of heavy metals and yeast levels between the aquatic systems under study. A positive association was observed between yeast levels and total dissolved solids, nitrate levels, and Cr at the “PTAR” WWTP; conductivity, Zn, and Cu in the South Channel; and the presence of Pb in the “Puerto Mallarino” DWTP. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida sp. 1 were influenced by Cr and Cd, and Diutina catelunata was influenced by Fe (p < 0.05). The water systems explored in this study showed different yeast levels and susceptibility profiles, and, therefore, possible genetic differences among populations of the same species, and different physico-chemical and heavy metals concentrations, which were probably modulating the antifungal-resistant yeasts. All these aquatic systems discharge their content into the Cauca River. We highlight the importance to further investigate if these resistant communities continue to other locations in the second largest river of Colombia and to determine the risk posed to humans and animals. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9968106 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99681062023-02-27 Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems Caicedo-Bejarano, Luz Dary Osorio-Vanegas, Lizeth Stefania Ramírez-Castrillón, Mauricio Castillo, Jorge Enrique Martínez-Garay, Carlos Andrés Chávez-Vivas, Mónica Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Aquatic environments could be reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts with acquired antifungal resistance. The susceptibility to antifungal agents of yeasts present in the wastewater and natural waters of the city of Cali was evaluated. Samples were taken from two types of water: drinking water (Meléndez River, drinking water treatment plant “Puerto Mallarino” in the Cauca River) and wastewater (South Channel of the Cauca River, “Cañaveralejo-PTAR” wastewater treatment plant). Physico-chemical parameters, heavy metal concentration, and yeast levels were determined using standard procedures. Yeasts were identified using API 20 C AUX (BioMérieux) and sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D1/D2 regions of the large subunit of the ribosome. Susceptibility assays against fluconazole and amphotericin B using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test were determined using the microdilution method. The influence of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals was established using principal component analysis (PCA). Yeast counts were higher at WWTP “PTAR” and lower at Melendez River, as expected. A total of 14 genera and 21 yeast species was identified, and the genus Candida was present at all locations. Susceptibility tests showed a 32.7% resistance profile to fluconazole in the order DWTP “Puerto Mallarino = WWTP “PTAR” > South Channel “Navarro”. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters/concentration of heavy metals and yeast levels between the aquatic systems under study. A positive association was observed between yeast levels and total dissolved solids, nitrate levels, and Cr at the “PTAR” WWTP; conductivity, Zn, and Cu in the South Channel; and the presence of Pb in the “Puerto Mallarino” DWTP. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida sp. 1 were influenced by Cr and Cd, and Diutina catelunata was influenced by Fe (p < 0.05). The water systems explored in this study showed different yeast levels and susceptibility profiles, and, therefore, possible genetic differences among populations of the same species, and different physico-chemical and heavy metals concentrations, which were probably modulating the antifungal-resistant yeasts. All these aquatic systems discharge their content into the Cauca River. We highlight the importance to further investigate if these resistant communities continue to other locations in the second largest river of Colombia and to determine the risk posed to humans and animals. MDPI 2023-02-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9968106/ /pubmed/36834128 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043428 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Caicedo-Bejarano, Luz Dary Osorio-Vanegas, Lizeth Stefania Ramírez-Castrillón, Mauricio Castillo, Jorge Enrique Martínez-Garay, Carlos Andrés Chávez-Vivas, Mónica Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems |
title | Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems |
title_full | Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems |
title_fullStr | Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems |
title_full_unstemmed | Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems |
title_short | Water Quality, Heavy Metals, and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole of Yeasts from Water Systems |
title_sort | water quality, heavy metals, and antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole of yeasts from water systems |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9968106/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834128 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043428 |
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