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Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the deadliest cancer worldwide, with a 92% annual mortality rate per incidence. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are the two major types of ECs, with EAC having one of the worst prognoses in oncology. Limited screening techniques...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9968115/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834728 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043316 |
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author | Rai, Vikrant Abdo, Joe Agrawal, Devendra K. |
author_facet | Rai, Vikrant Abdo, Joe Agrawal, Devendra K. |
author_sort | Rai, Vikrant |
collection | PubMed |
description | Esophageal cancer (EC) is the deadliest cancer worldwide, with a 92% annual mortality rate per incidence. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are the two major types of ECs, with EAC having one of the worst prognoses in oncology. Limited screening techniques and a lack of molecular analysis of diseased tissues have led to late-stage presentation and very low survival durations. The five-year survival rate of EC is less than 20%. Thus, early diagnosis of EC may prolong survival and improve clinical outcomes. Cellular and molecular biomarkers are used for diagnosis. At present, esophageal biopsy during upper endoscopy and histopathological analysis is the standard screening modality for both ESCC and EAC. However, this is an invasive method that fails to yield a molecular profile of the diseased compartment. To decrease the invasiveness of the procedures for diagnosis, researchers are proposing non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and point-of-care screening options. Liquid biopsy involves the collection of body fluids (blood, urine, and saliva) non-invasively or with minimal invasiveness. In this review, we have critically discussed various biomarkers and specimen retrieval techniques for ESCC and EAC. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9968115 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99681152023-02-27 Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers Rai, Vikrant Abdo, Joe Agrawal, Devendra K. Int J Mol Sci Review Esophageal cancer (EC) is the deadliest cancer worldwide, with a 92% annual mortality rate per incidence. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are the two major types of ECs, with EAC having one of the worst prognoses in oncology. Limited screening techniques and a lack of molecular analysis of diseased tissues have led to late-stage presentation and very low survival durations. The five-year survival rate of EC is less than 20%. Thus, early diagnosis of EC may prolong survival and improve clinical outcomes. Cellular and molecular biomarkers are used for diagnosis. At present, esophageal biopsy during upper endoscopy and histopathological analysis is the standard screening modality for both ESCC and EAC. However, this is an invasive method that fails to yield a molecular profile of the diseased compartment. To decrease the invasiveness of the procedures for diagnosis, researchers are proposing non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and point-of-care screening options. Liquid biopsy involves the collection of body fluids (blood, urine, and saliva) non-invasively or with minimal invasiveness. In this review, we have critically discussed various biomarkers and specimen retrieval techniques for ESCC and EAC. MDPI 2023-02-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9968115/ /pubmed/36834728 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043316 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Rai, Vikrant Abdo, Joe Agrawal, Devendra K. Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers |
title | Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers |
title_full | Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers |
title_fullStr | Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers |
title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers |
title_short | Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognosis, and Therapeutics of Esophageal Cancers |
title_sort | biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and therapeutics of esophageal cancers |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9968115/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834728 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043316 |
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