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Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches
OBJECTIVE: Headache prevalence among children and adolescents has increased over the last few years. Evidence-based treatment options for pediatric headaches remain limited. Research suggests a positive influence of odors on pain and mood. We investigated the effect of repeated exposure to odors on...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9968932/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36860330 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2023.1091984 |
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author | Gossrau, Gudrun Zaranek, Laura Klimova, Anna Sabatowski, Rainer Koch, Thea Richter, Matthias Haehner, Antje |
author_facet | Gossrau, Gudrun Zaranek, Laura Klimova, Anna Sabatowski, Rainer Koch, Thea Richter, Matthias Haehner, Antje |
author_sort | Gossrau, Gudrun |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: Headache prevalence among children and adolescents has increased over the last few years. Evidence-based treatment options for pediatric headaches remain limited. Research suggests a positive influence of odors on pain and mood. We investigated the effect of repeated exposure to odors on pain perception, headache-related disability, and olfactory function in children and adolescents with primary headaches. METHODS: Eighty patients with migraine or tension-type headache (mean 13.1 ± 3.29 years) participated, of whom 40 underwent daily olfactory training with individually selected pleasant odors for 3 months and 40 received state-of-the-art outpatient therapy as a control group. At baseline and after a 3-month follow-up, olfactory function [odor threshold; odor discrimination; odor identification; comprehensive Threshold, Discrimination, Identification (TDI) score], mechanical detection and pain threshold (quantitative sensory testing), electrical pain threshold, patient-reported outcomes on headache-related disability [Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS)], pain disability [Pediatric Pain Disability Index (P-PDI)], and headache frequency were assessed. RESULTS: Training with odors significantly increased the electrical pain threshold compared to the control group (U = 470.000; z = −3.177; p = 0.001). Additionally, olfactory training significantly increased the olfactory function (TDI score [t(39) = −2.851; p = 0.007], in particular, olfactory threshold, compared to controls (U = 530.500; z = −2.647; p = 0.008). Headache frequency, PedMIDAS, and P-PDI decreased significantly in both groups without a group difference. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to odors has a positive effect on olfactory function and pain threshold in children and adolescents with primary headaches. Increased electrical pain thresholds might reduce sensitization for pain in patients with frequent headaches. The additional favorable effect on headache disability without relevant side effects underlines the potential of olfactory training as valuable nonpharmacological therapy in pediatric headaches. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9968932 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99689322023-02-28 Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches Gossrau, Gudrun Zaranek, Laura Klimova, Anna Sabatowski, Rainer Koch, Thea Richter, Matthias Haehner, Antje Front Pain Res (Lausanne) Pain Research OBJECTIVE: Headache prevalence among children and adolescents has increased over the last few years. Evidence-based treatment options for pediatric headaches remain limited. Research suggests a positive influence of odors on pain and mood. We investigated the effect of repeated exposure to odors on pain perception, headache-related disability, and olfactory function in children and adolescents with primary headaches. METHODS: Eighty patients with migraine or tension-type headache (mean 13.1 ± 3.29 years) participated, of whom 40 underwent daily olfactory training with individually selected pleasant odors for 3 months and 40 received state-of-the-art outpatient therapy as a control group. At baseline and after a 3-month follow-up, olfactory function [odor threshold; odor discrimination; odor identification; comprehensive Threshold, Discrimination, Identification (TDI) score], mechanical detection and pain threshold (quantitative sensory testing), electrical pain threshold, patient-reported outcomes on headache-related disability [Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS)], pain disability [Pediatric Pain Disability Index (P-PDI)], and headache frequency were assessed. RESULTS: Training with odors significantly increased the electrical pain threshold compared to the control group (U = 470.000; z = −3.177; p = 0.001). Additionally, olfactory training significantly increased the olfactory function (TDI score [t(39) = −2.851; p = 0.007], in particular, olfactory threshold, compared to controls (U = 530.500; z = −2.647; p = 0.008). Headache frequency, PedMIDAS, and P-PDI decreased significantly in both groups without a group difference. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to odors has a positive effect on olfactory function and pain threshold in children and adolescents with primary headaches. Increased electrical pain thresholds might reduce sensitization for pain in patients with frequent headaches. The additional favorable effect on headache disability without relevant side effects underlines the potential of olfactory training as valuable nonpharmacological therapy in pediatric headaches. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-02-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9968932/ /pubmed/36860330 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2023.1091984 Text en © 2023 Gossrau, Zaranek, Klimova, Sabatowski, Koch, Richter and Haehner. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Pain Research Gossrau, Gudrun Zaranek, Laura Klimova, Anna Sabatowski, Rainer Koch, Thea Richter, Matthias Haehner, Antje Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches |
title | Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches |
title_full | Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches |
title_fullStr | Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches |
title_full_unstemmed | Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches |
title_short | Olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches |
title_sort | olfactory training reduces pain sensitivity in children and adolescents with primary headaches |
topic | Pain Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9968932/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36860330 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2023.1091984 |
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