Crotofolane Diterpenoids and Other Constituents Isolated from Croton kilwae

[Image: see text] Six new crotofolane diterpenoids (1–6) and 13 known compounds (7–19) were isolated from the MeOH–CH(2)Cl(2) (1:1, v/v) extracts of the leaves and stem bark of Croton kilwae. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The structure of crotokilwaepoxide A (1) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, allowing for the determination of its absolute configuration. The crude extracts and the isolated compounds were investigated for antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus type-2 (HRV-2) in HEp-2 and HeLa cells, respectively, for antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and for antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 strain. ent-3β,19-Dihydroxykaur-16-ene (7) and ayanin (16) displayed anti-RSV activities with IC(50) values of 10.2 and 6.1 μM, respectively, while exhibiting only modest cytotoxic effects on HEp-2 cells that resulted in selectivity indices of 4.9 and 16.4. Compounds 2 and 5 exhibited modest anti-HRV-2 activity (IC(50) of 44.6 μM for both compounds), while compound 16 inhibited HRV-2 with an IC(50) value of 1.8 μM. Compounds 1–3 showed promising antiplasmodial activities (80–100% inhibition) at a 50 μM concentration.