Lipid‐Lowering Trials Are Not Representative of Patients Managed in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Exclusion Criteria

BACKGROUND: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) might not be representative of the real‐world population because of unreasonable exclusion criteria. We sought to determine which groups of patients are excluded from RCTs that included lipid‐lowering therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrieved all trials from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration and systematically searched for large (≥1000 participants) lipid‐lowering therapy RCTs, defined as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors. We predefined groups: older adults (>70 or >75 years), women, non‐Whites, chronic kidney failure, heart failure, immunosuppression, cancer, dementia, treated thyroid disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mental illness, atrial fibrillation, multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases), and polypharmacy. We counted the number of RCTs excluding patients of the predefined groups and meta‐analyzed the prevalence of included patients to obtain pooled estimates with a random‐effects model. We included 42 RCTs (298 605 patients). Eighty‐one percent of trials excluded patients with severe and 76% those with moderate kidney failure. Seventy‐one percent of trials excluded groups of women, 64% excluded patients with moderate to severe heart failure, 64% those with immunosuppressant conditions, 48% those with cancer, 29% those with dementia, and 29% of trials excluded older adults. The pooled prevalence for patients >70 years of age was 25% (95% CI, 0%–49%), 11% (3%–18%) for >75 years of age, and 51% (38%–63%) for multimorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of lipid‐lowering therapy trials excluded patients with common diseases, such as moderate‐to‐severe kidney disease or heart failure or with immunosuppression. Underrepresenting certain populations, including women and older adults, might lead to limited transportability of study results and uncertainty on possible side‐effects and efficacy in these groups. Future trials should promote diversity in the recruitment strategies and improve equity in cardiovascular research. REGISTRATION: URL: ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifier: CRD42021253909.