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Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study
INTRODUCTION: Children start to run after they master walking. How running develops, however, is largely unknown. METHODS: We assessed the maturity of running pattern in two very young, typically developing children in a longitudinal design spanning about three years. Leg and trunk 3D kinematics and...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9978154/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36875237 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1101432 |
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author | Bach, Margit M. Zandvoort, Coen S. Cappellini, Germana Ivanenko, Yury Lacquaniti, Francesco Daffertshofer, Andreas Dominici, Nadia |
author_facet | Bach, Margit M. Zandvoort, Coen S. Cappellini, Germana Ivanenko, Yury Lacquaniti, Francesco Daffertshofer, Andreas Dominici, Nadia |
author_sort | Bach, Margit M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Children start to run after they master walking. How running develops, however, is largely unknown. METHODS: We assessed the maturity of running pattern in two very young, typically developing children in a longitudinal design spanning about three years. Leg and trunk 3D kinematics and electromyography collected in six recording sessions, with more than a hundred strides each, entered our analysis. We recorded walking during the first session (the session of the first independent steps of the two toddlers at the age of 11.9 and 10.6 months) and fast walking or running for the subsequent sessions. More than 100 kinematic and neuromuscular parameters were determined for each session and stride. The equivalent data of five young adults served to define mature running. After dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis based on the average pairwise correlation distance to the adult running cluster served as a measure for maturity of the running pattern. RESULTS: Both children developed running. Yet, in one of them the running pattern did not reach maturity whereas in the other it did. As expected, mature running appeared in later sessions (>13 months after the onset of independent walking). Interestingly, mature running alternated with episodes of immature running within sessions. Our clustering approach separated them. DISCUSSION: An additional analysis of the accompanying muscle synergies revealed that the participant who did not reach mature running had more differences in muscle contraction when compared to adults than the other. One may speculate that this difference in muscle activity may have caused the difference in running pattern. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9978154 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-99781542023-03-03 Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study Bach, Margit M. Zandvoort, Coen S. Cappellini, Germana Ivanenko, Yury Lacquaniti, Francesco Daffertshofer, Andreas Dominici, Nadia Front Hum Neurosci Neuroscience INTRODUCTION: Children start to run after they master walking. How running develops, however, is largely unknown. METHODS: We assessed the maturity of running pattern in two very young, typically developing children in a longitudinal design spanning about three years. Leg and trunk 3D kinematics and electromyography collected in six recording sessions, with more than a hundred strides each, entered our analysis. We recorded walking during the first session (the session of the first independent steps of the two toddlers at the age of 11.9 and 10.6 months) and fast walking or running for the subsequent sessions. More than 100 kinematic and neuromuscular parameters were determined for each session and stride. The equivalent data of five young adults served to define mature running. After dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis based on the average pairwise correlation distance to the adult running cluster served as a measure for maturity of the running pattern. RESULTS: Both children developed running. Yet, in one of them the running pattern did not reach maturity whereas in the other it did. As expected, mature running appeared in later sessions (>13 months after the onset of independent walking). Interestingly, mature running alternated with episodes of immature running within sessions. Our clustering approach separated them. DISCUSSION: An additional analysis of the accompanying muscle synergies revealed that the participant who did not reach mature running had more differences in muscle contraction when compared to adults than the other. One may speculate that this difference in muscle activity may have caused the difference in running pattern. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-02-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9978154/ /pubmed/36875237 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1101432 Text en Copyright © 2023 Bach, Zandvoort, Cappellini, Ivanenko, Lacquaniti, Daffertshofer and Dominici. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Bach, Margit M. Zandvoort, Coen S. Cappellini, Germana Ivanenko, Yury Lacquaniti, Francesco Daffertshofer, Andreas Dominici, Nadia Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study |
title | Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study |
title_full | Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study |
title_fullStr | Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study |
title_full_unstemmed | Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study |
title_short | Development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study |
title_sort | development of running is not related to time since onset of independent walking, a longitudinal case study |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9978154/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36875237 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1101432 |
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