Analysis of the potential of human cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets to differentiate into airway epithelium

Understanding the expected efficacy and safety of a new regenerative therapy requires analysis of the fate of the transplanted cell graft. We have shown that transplantation of autologous cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets onto the middle ear mucosa can improve middle ear aeration and hearing. However, it remains unknown whether cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets have the potential to gain mucociliary function in the environment of the middle ear because sampling cell sheets after transplantation is challenging. The present study re‐cultured cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets in different culture media and evaluated whether the sheets have the potential to differentiate into airway epithelium. Before re‐cultivation, cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets fabricated in keratinocyte culture medium (KCM) contained no FOXJ1‐positive and acetyl‐α‐tubulin‐positive multiciliated cells or MUC5AC‐positive mucus cells. Interestingly, multiciliated cells and mucus cells were observed when the cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets were re‐cultured in conditions that promote differentiation of airway epithelium. However, multiciliated cells, mucus cells and CK1‐positive keratinized cells were not observed when cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets were re‐cultured in conditions that promote epithelial keratinization. These findings support the suggestion that cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets have the ability to differentiate and gain mucociliary function in response to an appropriate environment (possibly including the environment found in the middle ear) but are unable to develop into an epithelial type that differs from its origins.