Peripheral Nerve Block Utilization is Associated With Decreased Postoperative Opioid Consumption and Shorter Length of Stay Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: This study aims to examine differences in postoperative complications and opioid consumption associated with perioperative peripheral nerve block (PNB) utilization during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: The Premier Healthcare Database was queried for adult patients who underwent primary, elective TKA from 2015 to 2020. Patients who received a femoral or adductor canal PNB were compared to patients who did not. PNB utilization was trended from 2015 to 2020. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess differences in the 90-day risk of postoperative complications between groups. The average inpatient opioid consumption in morphine milligram equivalents was assessed as a function of length of stay. RESULTS: Overall, 609,991 patients were included. PNB utilization increased from 9.29% in 2015 to 30.3% in 2020. After controlling for confounders, the PNB cohort was more likely to have same-day discharge (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.88) and had a decreased risk of periprosthetic joint infection (aOR 0.87), pulmonary embolism (aOR 0.81), and respiratory failure (aOR 0.78). However, there was an increased risk of seroma (aOR 1.75) and hematoma (aOR 1.22) associated with PNB utilization. Lower average overall opioid exposure was seen in the PNB cohort vs no-PNB cohort (82.1 ± 194.7 vs 89.4 ± 214.1 morphine milligram equivalents, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: PNB utilization during primary TKA is associated with a shorter length of stay and decreased risk of multiple postoperative complications, as well as reduced postoperative opioid consumption. These data provide evidence in support of the safety and efficacy of this emerging practice. However, the clinical relevance of an increased risk of seroma and hematoma formation may warrant further investigation.