Inequitable Exposures to U.S. Coal Power Plant–Related [Formula: see text]: 22 Years and Counting

BACKGROUND: Emissions from coal power plants have decreased over recent decades due to regulations and economics affecting costs of providing electricity generated by coal vis-à-vis its alternatives. These changes have improved regional air quality, but questions remain about whether benefits have accrued equitably across population groups. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to quantify nationwide long-term changes in exposure to particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) associated with coal power plant [Formula: see text] emissions. We linked exposure reductions with three specific actions taken at individual power plants: scrubber installations, reduced operations, and retirements. We assessed how emissions changes in different locations have influenced exposure inequities, extending previous source-specific environmental justice analyses by accounting for location-specific differences in racial/ethnic population distributions. METHODS: We developed a data set of annual [Formula: see text] source impacts (“coal [Formula: see text] ”) associated with [Formula: see text] emissions at each of 1,237 U.S. coal-fired power plants across 1999–2020. We linked population-weighted exposure with information about each coal unit’s operational and emissions-control status. We calculate changes in both relative and absolute exposure differences across demographic groups. RESULTS: Nationwide population-weighted coal [Formula: see text] declined from [Formula: see text] in 1999 to [Formula: see text] in 2020. Between 2007 and 2010, most of the exposure reduction is attributable to [Formula: see text] scrubber installations, and after 2010 most of the decrease is attributable to retirements. Black populations in the South and North Central United States and Native American populations in the western United States were inequitably exposed early in the study period. Although inequities decreased with falling emissions, facilities in states across the North Central United States continue to inequitably expose Black populations, and Native populations are inequitably exposed to emissions from facilities in the West. DISCUSSION: We show that air quality controls, operational adjustments, and retirements since 1999 led to reduced exposure to coal power plant related [Formula: see text]. Reduced exposure improved equity overall, but some populations continue to be inequitably exposed to [Formula: see text] associated with facilities in the North Central and western United States. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11605