Characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere cold regions changes from 1901 to 2019

The accurate delineation of the spatial extent of cold regions provides the basis for the study of global environmental change. However, attention has been lacking on the temperature-sensitive spatial changes in the cold regions of the Earth in the context of climate warming. In this study, the mean temperature in the coldest month lower than − 3 °C, no more than 5 months over 10 °C, and an annual mean temperature no higher than 5 °C were selected to define cold regions. Based on the Climate Research Unit land surface air temperature (CRUTEM) of monthly mean surface climate elements, the spatiotemporal distribution and variation characteristics of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) continental cold regions from 1901 to 2019 are analyzed in this study, by adopting time trend and correlation analyses. The results show: (1) In the past 119 years, the cold regions of the NH covered on average about 4.074 × 10(7) km(2), accounting for 37.82% of the total land area of the NH. The cold regions can be divided into the Mid-to-High latitude cold regions and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau cold regions, with spatial extents of 3.755 × 10(7) km(2) and 3.127 × 10(6) km(2), respectively. The Mid-to-High latitude cold regions in the NH are mainly distributed in northern North America, most of Iceland, the Alps, northern Eurasia, and the Great Caucasus with a mean southern boundary of 49.48° N. Except for the southwest, the entire region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, northern Pakistan, and most of Kyrgyzstan are cold regions. (2) In the past 119 years, the rates of change in the spatial extent of the cold regions in the NH, the Mid-to-High latitude, and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were − 0.030 × 10(7) km(2)/10 a, − 0.028 × 10(7) km(2)/10 a, and − 0.013 × 10(6) km(2)/10 a, respectively, showing an extremely significant decreasing trend. In the past 119 years, the mean southern boundary of the Mid-to-High latitude cold regions has been retreating northward at all longitudes. For instance, the mean southern boundary of the Eurasian cold regions moved 1.82° to the north and that of North America moved 0.98° to the north. The main contribution of the study lies in the accurate definition of the cold regions and documentation of the spatial variation of the cold regions in the NH, revealing the response trends of the cold regions to climate warming, and deepening the study of global change from a new perspective.