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    Cyclic CMP and cyclic UMP: new (old) second messengers
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    “…Taken together, these data suggest a function for this novel secondary messenger in controlling cell size of S. aureus and in helping bacteria to cope with extreme membrane and cell wall stress.…”
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    c-di-AMP Is a New Second Messenger in Staphylococcus aureus with a Role in Controlling Cell Size and Envelope Stress
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    “…Many bacteria mediate important life-style decisions by varying levels of the second messenger c-di-GMP. Behavioral transitions result from the coordination of complex cellular processes such as motility, surface adherence or the production of virulence factors and toxins. …”
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    Bi-modal Distribution of the Second Messenger c-di-GMP Controls Cell Fate and Asymmetry during the Caulobacter Cell Cycle
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    “…The role of cyclic nucleotides as second messengers for intracellular signal transduction has been well described in bacteria. …”
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    Cyclic nucleotides in archaea: Cyclic di‐AMP in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii and its putative role
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    “…Adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) are well-studied second messengers that transmit extracellular signals into mammalian cells, with conserved functions in various other species such as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). cAMP is generated by adenylyl cyclases, and cGMP is generated by guanylyl cyclases, respectively. …”
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    The Receptor-Bound Guanylyl Cyclase DAF-11 Is the Mediator of Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cgmp Increase in Caenorhabditis elegans
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    “…Bacteria often use cyclic dinucleotides as second messengers for signal transduction. While the classical molecule c-di-GMP is involved in lifestyle selection, the functions of the more recently discovered signaling nucleotide cyclic di-AMP are less defined. …”
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    Identification of the Components Involved in Cyclic Di-AMP Signaling in Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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    “…The bacterial second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is a nearly ubiquitous intracellular signaling molecule involved in the transition from the motile to the sessile/biofilm state in bacteria. …”
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    BolA Is Required for the Accurate Regulation of c-di-GMP, a Central Player in Biofilm Formation
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    “…Here, we show that the alarmones (p)ppGpp, well known second messengers of nutrient starvation, are also involved in the heat stress response as well as the development of thermo-resistance. …”
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    The alarmones (p)ppGpp are part of the heat shock response of Bacillus subtilis
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    “…Cyclic dinucleotides (cDNs) act as intracellular second messengers, modulating bacterial physiology to regulate the fundamental life style transition between motility and sessility commonly known as biofilm formation. …”
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    DncV Synthesizes Cyclic GMP-AMP and Regulates Biofilm Formation and Motility in Escherichia coli ECOR31
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    “…Antibiotic-producing Streptomyces use the diadenylate cyclase DisA to synthesize the nucleotide second messenger c-di-AMP, but the mechanism for terminating c-di-AMP signaling and the proteins that bind the molecule to effect signal transduction are unknown. …”
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    c-di-AMP hydrolysis by the phosphodiesterase AtaC promotes differentiation of multicellular bacteria
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    “…It is well established that the nucleotide second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP) is a positive regulator of biofilm formation in many bacteria, but more knowledge about c‐di‐GMP effectors is needed. …”
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    Regulation of Burkholderia cenocepacia biofilm formation by RpoN and the c‐di‐GMP effector BerB
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    “…In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the Gac signaling system and the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) participate in the control of the switch between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles, by regulating the production of the two exopolysaccharides Pel and Psl. …”
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    Cell aggregation promotes pyoverdine-dependent iron uptake and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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    “…Guanylyl cyclases (GCs) regulate many physiological processes by catalyzing the synthesis of the second messenger cGMP. The GC family consists of seven particulate GCs (pGCs) and a nitric oxide-activated soluble GC (sGC). …”
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    Nucleotidyl Cyclase Activity of Particulate Guanylyl Cyclase A: Comparison with Particulate Guanylyl Cyclases E and F, Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase and Bacterial Adenylyl Cyclases Cyaa and Edema Factor
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    “…One more recently discovered signaling nucleotide is the secondary messenger cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP). …”
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    Cross-talk between Two Nucleotide-signaling Pathways in Staphylococcus aureus
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    “…These data reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for expression of two sortase substrates by the secondary messenger c-diGMP, on which surface anchoring is dependent.…”
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    Cyclic diGMP Regulates Production of Sortase Substrates of Clostridium difficile and Their Surface Exposure through ZmpI Protease-mediated Cleavage
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    “…A central molecule regulating the processes of this motile-sessile transition is the second messenger c-di-GMP, which stimulates the production of a variety of exopolysaccharide adhesins in different bacterial model organisms. …”
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    Cohesive Properties of the Caulobacter crescentus Holdfast Adhesin Are Regulated by a Novel c-di-GMP Effector Protein
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    “…The EAL domain confers phosphodiesterase activity towards the second messenger cyclic di-GMP, a key regulatory player in the transition between bacterial lifestyles. …”
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    Seven-transmembrane receptor protein RgsP and cell wall-binding protein RgsM promote unipolar growth in Rhizobiales
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    “…The signaling cascade is initiated by the CtrA phosphorelay, followed by the QS genes and other target genes, including the second messenger c-di-GMP, competence, flagella and pili. …”
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    Integrated Transcriptional Regulatory Network of Quorum Sensing, Replication Control, and SOS Response in Dinoroseobacter shibae
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    “…Generally, the second messenger bis-(3’-5’)-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates the switch between motile and sessile lifestyles in bacteria. …”
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    A Minimal Threshold of c-di-GMP Is Essential for Fruiting Body Formation and Sporulation in Myxococcus xanthus
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    “…The SCV morphotype is strongly linked to elevated levels of cyclic-di-GMP, a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that regulates the transition between motile and sessile, cooperative lifestyles. …”
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    YfiBNR Mediates Cyclic di-GMP Dependent Small Colony Variant Formation and Persistence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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