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  1. 1
    “…Outcomes of rifampicin-based TB treatment are greatly enhanced by concurrent co-trimoxazole prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART reduces mortality across a spectrum of CD4 counts and randomized controlled trials have defined the optimum time to start ART. …”
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    Management of HIV-associated tuberculosis in resource-limited settings: a state-of-the-art review
  2. 2
    “…Patients were started on ART between 2 and 4 weeks and followed up for 1 year. …”
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    Cryptococcal Antigen Screening in Patients Initiating ART in South Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study
  3. 3
    “…Earlier antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in cryptococcal meningitis resulted in higher mortality compared with deferred ART initiation (1–2 weeks vs 5 weeks postmeningitis diagnosis). …”
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    Early ART After Cryptococcal Meningitis Is Associated With Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis and Macrophage Activation in a Multisite Randomized Trial
  4. 4
    “…OBJECTIVE: To describe time to antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation among HIV-infected RR-TB patients initiating RR-TB treatment and to assess the association between time to ART initiation and treatment outcomes. …”
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    Time to ART Initiation among Patients Treated for Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Khayelitsha, South Africa: Impact on Mortality and Treatment Success
  5. 5
    “…BACKGROUND: Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in patients diagnosed with HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) reduces mortality among those with the lowest CD4 counts. …”
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    Preventing Paradoxical Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in High-Risk Patients: Protocol of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Prednisone (PredART Trial)
  6. 6
    “…The initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during TB therapy significantly improves survival, however it is not known which barriers prevent eligible TB patients from initiating life-saving ART. …”
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    Barriers to Initiation of Antiretrovirals during Antituberculosis Therapy in Africa
  7. 7
    “…BACKGROUND: Recent attention has focused on the question of how quickly antiretroviral therapy (ART) should be started once HIV diagnosis is confirmed. …”
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    Benefits and risks of rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy
  8. 8
    “…All TB patients lost to follow-up did not initiate ART. Of 85 TB patients in follow-up, 62 (73%) initiated ART 56 days after TB diagnosis (median, IQR 33–77 days) and 31 days after initial assessment at an ART clinic (median, IQR: 18–55 days). …”
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    Assessment at Antiretroviral Clinics during TB Treatment Reduces Loss to Follow-Up among HIV-Infected Patients
  9. 9
    “…BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been massively scaled up to decrease human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission. …”
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    The Continuing Burden of Advanced HIV Disease Over 10 Years of Increasing Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage in South Africa
  10. 10
    “…The most recent version of the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society’s adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines was published in December 2014. …”
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    Southern African HIV Clinicians Society adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines: Update on when to initiate antiretroviral therapy
  11. 11
    “…INTRODUCTION: Increasing numbers of patients are starting antiretroviral treatment (ART) at advanced age or reaching advanced age while on ART. …”
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    Antiretroviral Treatment Outcomes amongst Older Adults in a Large Multicentre Cohort in South Africa
  12. 12
    “…METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients ≥10 years of age who visited 1 of the 13 Khayelitsha ART clinics from 2013–2014 regardless of the date they initiated ART. …”
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    Contemporary disengagement from antiretroviral therapy in Khayelitsha, South Africa: A cohort study
  13. 13
    “…Plasma from 39 TB-IRIS and 42 non-IRIS patients was collected during a prospective study of HIV-associated tuberculosis patients starting ART. In total, 26% of patients received corticosteroid (CTC) therapy pre-ART for severe tuberculosis. …”
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    Corticosteroid Therapy, Vitamin D Status, and Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in the HIV-Tuberculosis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
  14. 14
    “…BACKGROUND: An increasing number of patients in Africa are experiencing virologic failure on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) and those who develop resistance to protease inhibitors (PI) will require third-line ART, but no data on the outcomes of third-line are available from the region. …”
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    Third-line antiretroviral therapy in Africa: effectiveness in a Southern African retrospective cohort study
  15. 15
    “…METHODS: A prospective study of HIV-1-infected adults who presented with either TBM [antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive] or cryptococcal meningitis (regardless of ART prescription). …”
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    Interleukin-17 mediated differences in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated tuberculous and cryptococcal meningitis
  16. 16
    “…Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a common cause of deterioration in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients receiving tuberculosis treatment after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). Potentially life-threatening neurological involvement occurs frequently and has been suggested as a reason to defer ART. …”
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    Frequency, Severity, and Prediction of Tuberculous Meningitis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
  17. 17
    “…AIMS: Efforts to improve access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have shifted morbidity and mortality among persons living with HIV (PLWH) from AIDS to non‐communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). …”
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    Elevated N‐terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide among persons living with HIV in a South African peri‐urban township
  18. 18
    “…Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) can be a complication of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with advanced HIV, but its pathogenesis is uncertain. …”
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    Host transcriptomic signatures of tuberculosis can predict immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients
  19. 19
    “…SETTING: A private sector ART cohort, South Africa. METHODS: We identified adults with virologic failure on ritonavirboosted lopinavir/atazanavir-based ART and GART. …”
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    A Clinical Prediction Rule for Protease Inhibitor Resistance in Patients Failing Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy
  20. 20
    “…Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is improving worldwide. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a common complication of ART initiation. …”
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    Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients
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