“…Individual animals can often move more safely or more efficiently as members of a group. …”
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“…Standard animal behavior paradigms incompletely mimic nature, limiting our understanding of behavior and brain function. …”
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“…Interestingly, many differences have been found in the mechanism of gamete nuclear movement among animals and plants. Female to male gamete nuclear movement in animals and brown algae relies on microtubules. …”
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“…The review discusses also advantages and limitations of individual mouse models in the context of the clinical manifestation and the course of the disease in humans. Finally, animal-free alternatives in myocarditis research are outlined.…”
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“…By comparing molecular and genetic studies across these three species, we suggest that mechanisms which operate post-fertilization play a key role in chromosomal imprinting phenomena in animals and conserved components of heterochromatin are shared by these mechanisms.…”
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“…Here, we review the evidence for gene–culture coevolution in animals, especially birds, cetaceans and primates. …”
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“…The costs of virulence may explain why, relative to their enormous numbers in nature, very few microbes are actually associated with human and animal disease.…”
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“…Novel HEV-like viruses have been observed in a variety of animals and some have been shown to be able to cross the species barrier, causing infection in humans. …”
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“…Accumulating evidence in humans and animal studies points to NMDAR hypofunctionality as a convergence point for various symptoms of schizophrenia. …”
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“…These models include “self-administration models,” in which the animal controls the exposure to alcohol, and “conditioning models,” in which the researcher controls the animal’s exposure to alcohol. …”
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“…Researchers have long sought an animal model for human alcohol consumption. This article describes an economic-based approach to a model of alcohol preference in rats. …”
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“…Crystallization by particle attachment (CPA) of amorphous precursors has been demonstrated in modern biomineralized skeletons across a broad phylogenetic range of animals. Precisely the same precursors, hydrated (ACC-H(2)O) and anhydrous calcium carbonate (ACC), have been observed spectromicroscopically in echinoderms, mollusks, and cnidarians, phyla drawn from the 3 major clades of eumetazoans. …”
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“…Nevertheless, in this review, we argue that challenges induced by some biotic (e.g., vegetation) and abiotic (e.g., terrain) factors may also be viewed as “positive” sources of stress or eustress, since they present complex problems, that when solved successfully elicit a greater degree of behavioral plasticity and adaptability in grazing animals. Chemically and structurally diverse landscapes require animals to display complex behaviors and exhibit adaptive capabilities, like building a balanced and safe diet or finding shelter, which ultimately lead to positive emotional states. …”
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“…In order to explore the molecular mechanism that underlies depression, different kinds of animal models of depression are used in laboratory experiments. …”
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“…Over the last few decades, numerous small animal models have been generated to mimic various pathomechanisms contributing to heart failure (HF). …”
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“…Animal models of FAS have allowed researchers to study the mechanisms behind alcohol’s deleterious effects on fetal development. …”
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“…This understanding will arise first from animal models of addiction where experimentation at the level of circuits and molecular biology is possible. …”
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“…In this review, we describe various animal models of HCC that facilitate effective ways to study therapeutic prevention strategies that have translational potential to be evaluated in a clinical context.…”
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“…We sought to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the current scope and value of animal models in FT. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify all studies relevant to preclinical animal FT. …”
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