“…As a standard neutralization assay, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) requires isolation and propagation of live pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus conducted in a BSL-3 containment. Hence, other surrogate neutralization assays relevant to the PRNT play important alternatives that offer better safety besides facilitating high throughput analyses. …”
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“…In this article, we focus on the use of livestock in maximum-containment, biosafety level-4 agriculture (BSL-4Ag) research involving zoonotic, risk group 4 pathogens and we provide an overview of historical associated research and contributions. …”
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“…Furthermore, split inteins are used in synthesizing cyclic peptides and in developing cell culture model to study infectious viruses including SARS-CoV-2 in the biosafety level (BSL) 2 facility. This mini-review discusses the recent research developments of inteins in drug discovery and therapeutic research.…”
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“…To conclude, for less complex immune sera—as in cases of non-ARDS sera—combinations of titer quantification by ELISA with inhibition of syncytium formation, SPR-based analysis of antibody binding, determination of the stability of the antigen–antibody complex, and competition of the RBD-ACE2 binding represent alternatives to the classic PRNT for analysis of the neutralizing potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific sera, without the requirement for a BSL3 facility.…”
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“…We studied the peripheral immunopathogenesis of JEV using IFNAR deficient (IFNAR(–/–)) mice infected with the SA14-14-2 strain under the BSL-2. The body weight and survival rate of infected-IFNAR(–/–)mice decreased significantly. …”
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“…CONCLUSIONS: The trainer's experience of CPR in the actual setting in the transfer of BLS knowledge is not important, but it improved Student's BSL skill acquisition score.…”
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“…The vaccine effectiveness was assessed in the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products BSL2 facility. The pre- and postvaccination mouse serum titers were determined using the microneutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests. …”
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“…Phi 6 (Φ6) bacteriophage is a proposed surrogate to study pathogenic enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2—the causative agent of COVID-19—based on structural similarities, BSL-1 status, and ease of use. To determine the role of virus-contaminated hands in disease transmission, an enhanced understanding of buffer and method performance for Φ6 recovery needs to be determined. …”
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“…The DSLR reaches an accuracy of 98.8%, 99.84%, and 88.40% on the DSL-46, LSA64, and LIBRAS-BSL datasets, respectively.…”
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“…These tests include a simple and fast one-step sample processing step that inactivates the BSL-4 pathogen, enabling safe testing without the need for multi-step RNA purification. …”
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“…Nipah virus (NiV) is a high-lethality RNA virus from the family of Paramyxoviridae and genus Henipavirus, classified under Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) pathogen due to the severity of pathogenicity and lack of medications and vaccines. …”
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“…It also supports the use of the S19 challenge strain as a safe and cost-effective method for testing Brucella vaccine candidates under BSL-2 containment conditions.…”
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“…Here, we showed that C57BL/6J mice inoculated intranasally with the murine betacoronavirus murine hepatitis coronavirus 3 (MHV-3), a model for studying COVID-19 in BSL-2 conditions that emulates severe COVID-19, developing robust motor alterations in muscle strength and locomotor activity. …”
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“…Finally, we found that the spike’s fusion activity in the absence of ACE2 could be inhibited by antibodies directed against its N-terminal domain (NTD) but not by antibodies targeting its receptor-binding domain (RBD). In conclusion, our BSL-1-compatible DSP assay allowed us to screen for inhibitors or antibodies that interfere with the spike’s fusogenic activity and may therefore contribute to both rational vaccine design and development of novel treatment options against SARS-CoV-2.…”
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“…Five pretreatment methods, including Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), baseline removal (BSL) with fitting polynomials to be used as baselines, the first derivative (DERIV1), and the second derivative (DERIV2), and combination with “scaling” and “center”, were investigated. …”
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“…Finally, we demonstrated the utility of pseudotyped VLPs to test neutralizing antibody activity using a simple, acellular ELISA-based assay performed at biosafety level 1 (BSL-1). Taken together, this study highlights the advantage of pseudotyping over native SARS-CoV-2 VLP designs in achieving higher VLP spike yield and demonstrates the usefulness of pseudotyped VLPs as a surrogate for live virus in vaccine and therapeutic development against SARS-CoV-2 variants.…”
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“…Infectious viral litres were determined using a micro-focus forming assay under BSL-3 containment. RESULTS. In total, 119 specimens from 22 unvaccinated and 97 vaccinated individuals met all inclusion criteria and had sufficient residual volume to undergo viral titring. …”
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“…To evaluate ion performance in real-world spaces, experiments were conducted in a large, room-size BSL-3 Chamber. Negative and positive ions were delivered simultaneously using a commercially available bipolar air ion device. …”
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“…Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic emerging paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans, and is classified as a Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) pathogen. During live NiV infection, NiV-M was first detected in the nucleus at early stages of infection before subsequent localization to the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. …”
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“…HAZV is an interesting model to study CCHFV due to a close serological and phylogenetical relationship and a classification which allows handling in a BSL2 laboratory. Nairoviruses are characterized by a tripartite negative-sense single stranded RNA genome (named L, M and S segments) that encode the RNA polymerase, the Gn-Gc glycoproteins and the nucleoprotein (NP), respectively. …”
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