“…Excimer laser annealing (ELA) is applied to activate dopants for the 1TFT‐synapse at the top and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) is applied to do so for the 1T‐neuron at the bottom. Internal electro‐thermal annealing (ETA) via the generation of Joule heat is also used to enhance the endurance of the 1TFT‐synapse without transferring heat to the 1T‐neuron at the bottom. …”
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“…At the protein level, the top-layer TFs are relatively abundant, long-lived, and noisy compared with the core- and bottom-layer TFs. Although variability in expression of top-layer TFs might confer a selective advantage, as this permits at least some members in a clonal cell population to initiate a response to changing conditions, tight regulation of the core- and bottom-layer TFs may minimize noise propagation and ensure fidelity in regulation. …”
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“…The roles of consumers (top-down forces) versus resources (bottom-up forces) as determinants of alpha diversity in a community are not well studied. …”
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“…These enhanced bottom-up effects would, however, not propagate upwards in the food web beyond the zooplankton level. …”
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“…In December 2014, the lead content in the bottom sediment in Sławków was nearly 6000 mg/kg. …”
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“…Finally, we show evidence for sustained CWC growth during the Alleröd-Younger-Dryas in the Eastern Alboran Sea and that this period corresponds to stable benthic conditions with cold/dense and well oxygenated bottom waters, high fluxes of labile organic matter and relatively strong bottom currents…”
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“…Temperatures were measured for 110 s using eight thermocouples: bottom center of cavity (BC), top center of 1st increment (MC), top center of 2nd increment (TC), bottom corner of cavity (BE), top corner of 1st increment (ME), top corner of 2nd increment (TE), pulpal side of dentin (PD), and center of curing light guide tip (CL). …”
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“…We conclude that bottom-up attention activates cortical visual areas in a mosaic-like pattern, whereas top-down attentional modulation results in spatially homogeneous excitation.…”
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“…To this purpose, we employ mercury, isotopic oxygen, biopolymeric carbon and its constituents, together with indicators of microbial activity and bacterial diversity found in bottom waters of the Eastern Mediterranean. In this basin, which has been considered as a miniature global ocean, two competing sources of bottom water (one in the Adriatic and one in the Aegean seas) contribute to the ventilation of the local abyss. …”
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“…Bottom-water oxygen supply is a key factor governing the biogeochemistry and community composition of marine sediments. …”
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“…The decomposition rate of AVFA in the bottom hypoxic seawater (0.018–0.035 μM h(-1)) was twice as fast as that in the surface normoxic seawater (0.011–0.017 μM h(-1)). …”
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“…Bottom-up fabrication via on-surface molecular self-assembly is a way to create defect-free, low-dimensional nanomaterials. …”
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“…These densities translate to 1085 oysters and 8617 mussels m(-2) river bottom, which are the highest recorded for artificial oyster reefs. …”
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“…Further, we provide our views on future perspectives in the field of bottom-up GNRs.…”
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“…The second was diffusion reaction, and the two sub-layers of Al(12)Mg(17) and Al(3)Mg(2) formed at the lower middle and bottom of the Mg side interface. In addition, the diffusion thickness values of Al(12)Mg(17) and Al(3)Mg(2) layers decreased gradually from the lower middle to bottom of the Mg side interface. …”
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“…As results, (i) we show that the peaks in the efficiency distribution occur for recurrent values of bottom junction bandgap energy corresponding to atmospheric absorption in the solar spectrum, and (ii) we demonstrate that variations in the number of junctions, in the incident solar spectrum, and in the concentration factor lead to changes in the optimum bandgap energy set but that the bottom junction bandgap energy only changes among the recurrent values presented before. …”
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“…The maximum DRX fractions of the sample for the cup bottom and cup wall are 95.4% and 86.8%, respectively, at n = 50. …”
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“…Four management lines are delineated from the surface to the bottom (from top to bottom, the upper limit of groundwater depth, the upper limit of infiltration of groundwater depth, the lower limit of groundwater depth and the risk line in extremely dry years), and five management areas are delineated (from top to bottom, the prevent soli salinization area, the normal extraction area, the careful extraction area, the permit only in extreme dry years area and the prohibited extraction area) to provide technical support for groundwater management in Xi'an.…”
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“…The effect of microwell geometries (curvature and resolution) and coating materials (i.e., mPEG, Lipidure, BSA) was studied, showing that mPEG outperformed all other coating materials, while curved-bottom microwells outperformed flat-bottom ones. In addition, high-resolution printing outperformed low-resolution printing by creating faithful, isotropically-shaped microwells. …”
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“…Therefore, light management is crucial to improve photocurrent absorption in the Si bottom cell. In this paper, nanoholes array filled with TiO(2) is introduced into bottom cells design. …”
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