“…After that, I will propose that the consecutive evolutionary steps in a timeline can be rationally deduced by using a common event as a juncture, which is obtained by two counter-directional approaches: one is the bottom-up approach through which many researchers have studied the origin of life, and the other is the top-down approach, through which I established the [GADV]-protein world hypothesis or GADV hypothesis on the origin of life starting from a study on the formation of entirely new genes in extant microorganisms. …”
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“…The quest to construct artificial cells from the bottom-up using simple building blocks has received much attention over recent decades and is one of the grand challenges in synthetic biology. …”
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“…“top-down” which refers to models built on the observed data, “bottom-up”, which stands for a mechanistic description of human physiology, and “middle-out” which combines both strategies. …”
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“…Thus, cost estimates should ideally be validated with studies using individual data to estimate the same costs (bottom-up approach). However, bottom-up studies on the economic burden associated with AD are lacking. …”
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“…In contrast, aboveground pathways were characterized by bottom-up control of plants on arthropods, including many non-trophic links. …”
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“…This paper presents a joint estimation method of source range and depth using a bottom-deployed vertical line array (VLA). The method utilizes the information on the arrival angle of direct (D) path in space domain and the interference characteristic of D and surface-reflected (SR) paths in frequency domain. …”
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“…We demonstrate that (i) ecosystem engineering can shift the balance between top-down and bottom-up interactions, (ii) such effects can be driven by cryptic trait-mediated interactions, and (iii) the relative importance of density- versus trait-mediated interaction pathways can be scale dependent. …”
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“…The difference was only R$8.03, which shows that the amounts paid by the Hospital Inpatient Authorization (AIH) are estimates close to those obtained by the bottom-up technique for the professionals directly involved in the care.…”
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“…Traditionally, healthcare reform is understood as an action undertaken by a government at a national or local level. However, bottom-up changes can also lead to improvements in the health system. …”
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“…Small‐mammal population densities can be regulated by bottom‐up (food availability) and top‐down (predation) forces. …”
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“…Herein, we present an optimized bottom-up synthesis that improves the reproducibility and homogeneity of the gold-branched nanoparticles with desired morphological features and optical properties. …”
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“…Here, we report the direct wet-chemical synthesis of few-layer BP nanosheets in gram-scale quantities in a bottom-up approach based on common laboratory reagents at low temperature, showing excellent stability due to partial oxidation of surface. …”
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“…Biodiversity assessment of marine hard-bottom communities is hindered by the high diversity and size-ranges of the organisms present. …”
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“…Incomplete infilling results in a low capacitance and poor mechanical properties. Here we report a bottom-up infilling method to overcome these challenges. …”
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“…In this work, a one-step “bottom-up” method is developed to prepare rare-earth (Gd(3+) and Yb(3+)) co-doped layered double hydroxide (LDH) monolayer nanosheets, with a precisely controlled composition and uniform morphology. …”
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“…Taken together, this study implies a predominant selection of social features when bottom-up influences are diminished and a general influence of social content on visual exploratory behavior, thus highlighting mechanisms of social attention.…”
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