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  1. 15341
    “…METHODS AND FINDINGS: A dynamic health-state transition model, called the Workplace Impact Model (WIM), was parameterised with workplace data on workforce size, composition, turnover, HIV incidence, and CD4 cell count development. Bottom-up cost analyses from the employer perspective supplied data on inpatient and outpatient resource utilisation and the costs of absenteeism and replacement of sick workers. …”
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    The Impact of Company-Level ART Provision to a Mining Workforce in South Africa: A Cost–Benefit Analysis
  2. 15342
    “…Six treatments were placed on separate filter paper discs at the bottom of the jar: 2(nd)/3(rd) larval instar medium, 4(th) larval instar/pupae medium, frass from expired colonies, larval food (aged rabbit chow and rabbit feces mix), rabbit feces, and a solvent (water) control. …”
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    Attraction and oviposition preferences of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), vector of Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis, to larval rearing media
  3. 15343
    “…Direct healthcare costs (direct medical and non-medical costs) from patients perspective was estimated by ‘bottom up’ approach to identify their out-of-pocket expenses (1USD = NPR 73.38) before and after intervention at the baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months follow-ups. …”
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    Does pharmacist-supervised intervention through pharmaceutical care program influence direct healthcare cost burden of newly diagnosed diabetics in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Nepal: a non-clinical randomised controlled trial approach
  4. 15344
    “…Girls in upper tertiles of ‘Yard activity’, ‘Active recreation’ and ‘School/work activity’ patterns had significantly higher chances of being in the upper tertile of the ‘Fruit and vegetables’ dietary pattern (odds ratio [OR] 2.17, 95 % CI: 1.50–3.14, p < 0.0001; OR 2.02, 95 % CI: 1.41–2.91; p < 0.001 and OR 1.76, 95 % CI: 1.24–2.51, p < 0.01 respectively; all adjusted for confounders) in comparison to bottom tertiles. Weak, but significant inverse associations were found between upper tertiles of ‘Active recreation’ and ‘Yard activity’ patterns and unhealthy dietary patterns. …”
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    Associations between physical activity patterns and dietary patterns in a representative sample of Polish girls aged 13-21 years: a cross-sectional study (GEBaHealth Project)
  5. 15345
    “…Risk ratios (for a comparison of the top third vs bottom third of NT-proBNP concentrations, adjusted for conventional risk factors) were 1·76 (95% CI 1·56–1·98) for the combination of coronary heart disease and stroke and 2·00 (1·77–2·26) for the combination of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. …”
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    Natriuretic peptides and integrated risk assessment for cardiovascular disease: an individual-participant-data meta-analysis
  6. 15346
    “…Even at the highest concentration (180 μg/ml), cells completely cleared settled particles from the bottom of the culture vessel. Accordingly, a mixture of nano- and micron-scaled particles was observed inside cells where they were confined to phagolysosomes. …”
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    Interaction of rat alveolar macrophages with dental composite dust
  7. 15347
    “…The cost-per-result was estimated using a bottom-up method, inclusive of test kits and consumables (reagents), laboratory equipment and technical effort costs. …”
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    Establishing a cost-per-result of laboratory-based, reflex Cryptococcal antigenaemia screening (CrAg) in HIV+ patients with CD4 counts less than 100 cells/μl using a Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) at a typical busy CD4 laboratory in South Africa
  8. 15348
    “…Higher concentrations of OPG were associated with increased risk of ER– breast cancer (top vs. bottom tertile RR = 1.93 [95% CI 1.24–3.02]; p (trend) = 0.03). …”
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    Osteoprotegerin and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor subtype: a nested case-control study in the EPIC cohort
  9. 15349
    “…METHODS: Direct observations and follow-up semistructured interviews with 31 physicians, 13 nurses, and 3 clerks and qualitative bottom-up coding techniques was used to identify, analyze, and classify EHR workarounds. …”
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    Workarounds Emerging From Electronic Health Record System Usage: Consequences for Patient Safety, Effectiveness of Care, and Efficiency of Care
  10. 15350
    “…Total physical activity was inversely associated with the risk of major vascular events, with the adjusted hazard ratio that compared the top vs bottom quintiles of physical activity being 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74-0.80). …”
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    Association of Physical Activity With Risk of Major Cardiovascular Diseases in Chinese Men and Women
  11. 15351
    “…Likewise, the odds ratio comparing the top versus bottom quartiles of CMI were 2.105 (95%CI:1.600–2.768) for eccentric LVH and 2.236 (95%CI:1.419–3.522) for concentric LVH in females. …”
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    Gender-specific contribution of cardiometabolic index and lipid accumulation product to left ventricular geometry change in general population of rural China
  12. 15352
    “…METHODS: A qualitative study of this political process was conducted between 2006 and 2014, using a hybrid theoretical perspective that combines attention to both top-down and bottom-up actions with a modified Advocacy Coalition Framework. …”
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    Problems maintaining collaborative approaches with excluded populations in a randomised control trial: lessons learned implementing Housing First in France
  13. 15353
    “…Their cytotoxicity was determined on primary human cardiac myocytes (HCM) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using the xCELLigence SP system, which measures impedance changes caused by adhering cells on golden electrode arrays placed at the bottom of the wells. Slopes of impedance–time curves were calculated and for the quantitative determination of cytotoxicity, the difference to the control was analysed. …”
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    Drug targeting to decrease cardiotoxicity – determination of the cytotoxic effect of GnRH-based conjugates containing doxorubicin, daunorubicin and methotrexate on human cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells
  14. 15354
    “…METHODS: Untrained college-aged males were classified as anabolic responders in the top 25th percentile (high-response cluster (HI); n = 13, dual x-ray absorptiometry total body muscle mass change (Δ) = +3.1 ± 0.3 kg, Δ vastus lateralis (VL) thickness = +0.59 ± 0.05 cm, Δ muscle fiber cross sectional area = +1,426 ± 253 μm(2)) and bottom 25th percentile (low-response cluster (LO); n = 12, +1.1 ± 0.2 kg, +0.24 ± 0.07 cm, +5 ± 209 μm(2); p < 0.001 for all Δ scores compared to HI). …”
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    Skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume and myozenin-1 protein differences exist between high versus low anabolic responders to resistance training
  15. 15355
    “…These vOTUs can impact ecosystem carbon processing via top-down (inferred from lysing dominant microbial hosts) and bottom-up (inferred from carriage of auxiliary metabolic genes) controls. …”
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    Soil Viruses Are Underexplored Players in Ecosystem Carbon Processing
  16. 15356
    “…Mathematical z scores and radar graphs showed how endocrine and dietary profiles, but not PA, differed between the top and bottom ∼20% of muscle unit size and specific force. …”
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    Impact of Above-Average Proanabolic Nutrients Is Overridden by High Protein and Energy Intake in the Muscle-Tendon Unit Characteristics of Middle- to Older-Aged Adults
  17. 15357
    “…METHOD: Green synthesis of TD-AgNPs was done via bottom-up approach through wet chemistry technique using environmentally benign T. diversifolia plant extract as both reducing and stabilizing agent. …”
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    Effect of operational parameters, characterization and antibacterial studies of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tithonia diversifolia
  18. 15358
    “…METHODS: The inverse opal structure is fabricated by the convenient bottom-up approach of the self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles. …”
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    Inverse opal substrate-loaded mesenchymal stem cells contribute to decreased myocardial remodeling after transplantation into acute myocardial infarction mice
  19. 15359
    “…Unhealthy lifestyles included current smoking, physical activity levels below 30 minutes per day at moderate to vigorous intensity, diet in the bottom three fifths of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index score, and body mass index of 25 or above. …”
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    Rotating night shift work and adherence to unhealthy lifestyle in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes: results from two large US cohorts of female nurses
  20. 15360
    “…CONCLUSION: This study provides additional evidence regarding additive clinical effects to improve pain measures and descending pain inhibitory controls when the neuromodulation of the primary motor cortex with tDCS is combined with a bottom-up modulation with EIMS in KOA. Also, it improved the ability to walk due to reduced pain and reduced analgesic use.…”
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    Intramuscular electrical stimulus potentiates motor cortex modulation effects on pain and descending inhibitory systems in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, factorial, sham-controlled study
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