“…Our model examines antibiotic resistance when two strategies exist: “producers”–who secrete a substance that breaks down antibiotics–and nonproducers (“cheats”) who do not secrete, or carry the machinery associated with secretion. …”
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“…Experiments on mitochondrial DNA in worms highlight that cheating does not always pay off.…”
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“…Cheating for material gain is a destructive phenomenon in any society. …”
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“…However, whenever cooperation occurs, there is the potential for ‘cheats’ to exploit that cooperation. We suggest that: (1) the biology of viruses makes viral cooperation particularly susceptible to cheating; (2) cheats are common across a wide range of viruses, including viral entities that are already well studied, such as defective interfering genomes, and satellite viruses. …”
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“…A social cheat is typically assumed to be an individual that does not perform a cooperative behaviour, or performs less of it, but can still exploit the cooperative behaviour of others. …”
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“…Our findings indicate that there is both selection for cheating and cheating resistance, which could drive antagonistic co-evolution and diversification in natural bacterial communities.…”
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“…Gain the insider tips you need to compose eye-catching, imaginative Adobe After Effects projects quickly and effectively. In How to Cheat in After Effects, Second Edition seasoned AE expert Chad Perkins provides dozens of concise, step-by-step tutorials and lavish 4-color illustrations to get you on the fast track to producing amazing motion graphics and visual effects. …”
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“…In this comprehensive revision of the best-selling How To Cheat in Photoshop, photomontage guru Steve Caplin shows you how to get optimum results in minimum time, by cheating your way to success.As a professional digital artist, Steve knows all about creating great work under pressure. …”
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