“…RESULTS: Inter-theoretic reductionism in the strict sense envisaged by its creators from the 1930s to the 1960s is largely impractical in biology, and was effectively abandoned by the early 1970s in favour of a more piecemeal approach using individual reductive explanations. Classical holism was a stillborn theory of the 1920s, but the term survived in several fields as a loose umbrella designation for various kinds of anti-reductionism which often differ markedly. …”
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“…A small army of physicists, chemists, mathematicians, and engineers has joined forces to attack a classic problem, the "reversibility paradox", with modern tools. …”
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“…This updated and revised edition of a classic work provides a summary of methods for numerical computation of high resolution conventional and scanning transmission electron microscope images. …”
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“…This overview discusses the nature of perceptual illusions with particular reference to the theory that illusions represent the operation of a sensory code for which there is no meaningful ground truth against which the illusory percepts can be compared, and therefore there are no illusions as such. …”
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“…The percolation process is a significant issue of composite dielectrics. However, the classic percolation theory mainly deals with traditional composites in which the electrical parameters of both insulation matrix and conducting fillers are independent of the applied electric field. …”
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“…Here, we will show how this can be accomplished by constructing a complete formal probabilistic description of the network and then expanding around a small parameter such as the inverse of the number of neurons in the network. The mean field theory of the system gives a rate-like description. …”
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“…METHODS: For Objective 1, methods from the Classical Test Theory were used to obtain items’ difficulty, item discrimination index and domains’ reliability. …”
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“…Road networks are a classical stage for applications in network science and graph theory. …”
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“…Consequently, we found that the reduced H‐bond energy originated from the depolarizations of both the H‐bond donor and acceptor groups, due to the repulsive interactions with the neighboring polar peptide groups in the α‐helix backbone. The classical force fields provide similar H‐bond energies to those in the minimal H‐bond models, which ignore the current depolarization effect, and thus they overestimate the actual H‐bond energies in α‐helices. © 2019 The Authors. …”
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“…In this article, a new classical interatomic potential for CsPbBr(3) was developed within the framework of the bond-valence (BV) theory. …”
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“…These calculations may be a reference for adjusting reactive force fields so that more complex DNA structures can be studied using classical molecular dynamics, including both direct and indirect DNA damage.…”
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“…Molecules are composed of heavy nuclei and light electrons, and thereby the very basic molecular theory due to Born and Oppenheimer gives a view that quantum electronic states provide potential functions working on nuclei, which in turn are often treated classically or semiclassically. …”
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“…Classic life history theory makes generalized predictions about phenotypic correlations across large clades. …”
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“…Those in adjoining fields will also find it a valuable addition to their personal libraries.…”
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“…The book provides a link between the classic theory of oscillations and its practical application in the dynamic problems of machines.  …”
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“…They are only defined in odd dimensions and represent a very special class of theories in the Lovelock family. Lovelock gravitation theories are the natural extensions of General Relativity for dimensions greater than four that yield second-order field equations for the metric. …”
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“…We explore this question in the context of epistemics, and ask whether agreement between observers can serve as a physical principle that must hold for any theory of the world. Aumann’s seminal Agreement Theorem states that two observers (of classical systems) cannot agree to disagree. …”
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“…However, the cognitive underpinnings of tool mastering remain little understood in spite of long-time research in neuroscientific, psychological, behavioral and technological fields. Moreover, the recent transition of tool use to the digital domain poses new challenges for explaining the underlying processes. …”
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