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  1. 21121
    “…One set of models/ records were used per patient. Cohen's weighted kappa (κ(W)) was used to ascertain agreement between and within the observers. …”
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    A comparative evaluation between the reliability of gypsum casts and digital greyscale intra‐oral scans for the scoring of tooth wear using the Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES)
  2. 21122
    “…RESULTS: The classifier achieved substantial agreement on four-class sleep staging with an average Cohen’s kappa of 0.62 and accuracy of 76.4%. For children/adolescents, it achieved even higher agreement with an average kappa of 0.66 and accuracy of 77.9%. …”
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    It is All in the Wrist: Wearable Sleep Staging in a Clinical Population versus Reference Polysomnography
  3. 21123
    “…We analyzed the internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha, construct validity by evaluating relationship between clinical variables and ThyPRO scales, ceiling and floor effects, and responsiveness of ThyPRO to treatment based on Cohen’s effect size. RESULTS: Correlations between individual scale scores and free thyroxine concentrations were moderate and statistically significant: 0.21–0.64 (p <  0.05). …”
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    Psychometric properties of the thyroid-specific quality of life questionnaire ThyPRO in Singaporean patients with Graves’ disease
  4. 21124
    “…Additionally, the positive predictive value (77% vs. 72%), positive likelihood ratio (2.0 vs. 1.5), and odds ratio (3.2 vs. 2.4) were higher for the Peguero-Lo Presti criterion versus the presence of any of these 8 traditional ECG-LVH criteria. Cohen’s Kappa, a measure of concordance between ECG and echocardiography with regard to LVH, was 0.24 for the Peguero-Lo Presti criterion, −0.01–0.13 for single traditional criteria, and 0.20 for any traditional criterion. …”
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    Diagnostic Ability of Peguero-Lo Presti Electrocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Criterion in Severe Aortic Stenosis
  5. 21125
    “…Agreement between CT and MRI was assessed with Cohen’s k and weighted k. Measures of diagnostic accuracy of MRI were calculated. …”
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    Cross-sectional analysis of follow-up chest MRI and chest CT scans in patients previously affected by COVID-19
  6. 21126
    “…Data on medicine use were collected using two different modes: (1) a self-administered questionnaire with closed-ended medicine-specific questions; and (2) an interviewer-administered questionnaire with open-ended questions. Cohen’s kappa statistics were applied to assess the agreement of the two modes. …”
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    Intra-Individual Variability in Self-Reported Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Medicines Depending on Mode of Data Collection - Observations from the Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden
  7. 21127
    “…Crosstabulating yrTNM stage to ypTNM stage, 24% had concordant stages, with CT overstaging 38% and understaging 38% of the tumours, Cohen kappa ƙ = 0,06 (95%CI 0.004–0.12). Similar patterns of discordance were found for T-stages and N-stages separately. …”
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    The value of restaging CT following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. A population-based study
  8. 21128
    “…The overall agreement between these SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assays was high, supported by a Cohen’s kappa value of 0.93. The EZ-SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay performance attributes of high sensitivity and specificity with AN sample matrix and pooled upper respiratory samples support its use in a high-throughput surveillance testing program. …”
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    Clinical evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in individual and pooled upper respiratory tract samples
  9. 21129
    “…Participants with NAFLD or MAFLD were largely overlapped (weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.76). MAFLD increased the overall risk for total mortality in a greater magnitude than NAFLD [HR 2.07 (95% CI 1.86, 2.29) vs. 1.47 (1.20, 1.79)], However, the difference was non-significant after metabolic parameters were adjusted. …”
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    NAFLD or MAFLD: Which Has Closer Association With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality?—Results From NHANES III
  10. 21130
    “…The reliability of the questionnaire is evaluated by Cronbach'α and Cohen’s kappa coefficient. The validity is measured by the sensitivity and the specificity of the instrument compared to the gold standard. …”
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    Validating the Vietnamese version of wearing – Off 19 questionnaire for patients with Parkinson's disease
  11. 21131
    “…Having arthroscopy as reference standard, diagnostic performance of MRI in the evaluation of ramp area lesions was calculated. Cohen’s kappa (k) and Fisher's Exact Test statistics were used. …”
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    Meniscal ramp lesions: diagnostic performance of MRI with arthroscopy as reference standard
  12. 21132
    “…Digital assistance markedly improved interrater concordance (Cohen’s kappa scores of 0.32 vs. 0.95). Our results provide strong evidence that GATA6 IHC can be used as a single biomarker in the clinic to predict clinical outcome in advanced PDAC, warranting further investigation in prospective clinical trials. …”
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    The value of GATA6 immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted diagnosis to predict clinical outcome in advanced pancreatic cancer
  13. 21133
    “…Intra- and interrater reliability was tested using Cohen’s weighted kappa. Correlation between MTA and quantitative hippocampal measurements was ascertained with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. …”
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    Validity and reliability of the medial temporal lobe atrophy scale in a memory clinic population
  14. 21134
    “…The sensitivity and specificity were calculated with their 95% CI, and McNemar’s and Cohen’s κ statistics were used. (3) Results: in 195/431 (45%) of histopathologically proven PCa cases, 62/195 (32%) were high-grade PCa (GS ≥ 7b) and 133/195 (68%) were low-grade PCa (GS ≤ 7a). …”
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    Comparison of Sensitivity and Specificity of Biparametric versus Multiparametric Prostate MRI in the Detection of Prostate Cancer in 431 Men with Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels
  15. 21135
    “…The performance metrics for U-Net were accuracy 63.9%, sensitivity 56.0%, specificity 74.7%, positive predictive value 75.3%, negative predictive value 55.2%, Youden’s J statistic 30.7%, no-information rate 58.0%, and Cohen’s κ 0.2931. The algorithm reduced total mishits by 67.1%. …”
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    Can a Dinosaur Think? Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
  16. 21136
    “…In this group, there was 95% agreement between standard of care and teleultrasound on whether an exam was normal or abnormal, with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.84 (95% CI 0.7–0.98, p <0.0001). …”
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    Testing telediagnostic right upper quadrant abdominal ultrasound in Peru: A new horizon in expanding access to imaging in rural and underserved areas
  17. 21137
    por Çakmakkaya, Özlem Serpil
    Publicado 2021
    “…RESULTS: The students’ mean pre-test Fresno Test score improved from 49.9 ± 18.2 to 118.9 ± 26.3 post-training. The Cohen’s effect size was 3.04 (95% CI, 2.6–3.5). The overall students’ satisfaction score was 8.66 ± 1.09 on a 1 to 10 scale. …”
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    Formal evidence-based medicine instruction in Turkish undergraduate medical education: an initial evaluation
  18. 21138
    “…Similarly, depression scores decreased from baseline (mean = 4.31, SD = 3.66) to follow-up (mean = 3.89, SD = 3.69), p < 0.001. Cohen’s d (0.19 and 0.18, respectively) indicated small effect sizes. …”
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    Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
  19. 21139
    “…Compared to pre-pandemic estimates, during the pandemic period parents reported higher rates of parent depression, anxiety, and stress (Cohen’s d = 0.26–0.81, all p < 0.001), higher parenting irritability (d = 0.17–0.46, all p < 0.001), lower family positive expressiveness (d = − 0.18, p < 0.001), and higher alcohol consumption (22% vs 12% drinking four or more days per week, p < 0.001). …”
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    Child, parent, and family mental health and functioning in Australia during COVID-19: comparison to pre-pandemic data
  20. 21140
    “…The grade was recorded for each assessment, and compared using Cohen’s and Fleiss’s kappa. RESULTS: There was 65 to 78% concordance of WHO/ISUP grading on DP and GS1. …”
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    WHO/ISUP grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma; validation of grading on the digital pathology platform and perspectives on reproducibility of grade
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