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“…To ensure that our results were not impacted by multicollinearity between music-related variables, nonparametric and nonlinear machine learning regressions were employed and confirmed that years of formal musical training was the only significant predictor of beat alignment ability. …”
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“…The influence of formal musical training on auditory cognition has been well established. …”
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“…These different neural responses might form the basis for the processing advantages observed for consonance over dissonance and provide information about how formal musical training modulates them.…”
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“…Between the groups, musicians (defined as having more than five years of formal musical training) outperformed non-musicians (defined as having less than two years of formal musical training) in both the perception and production of all three sound types. …”
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“…The influence of musical experience on brain development has been mostly studied in school-aged children with formal musical training while little is known about the possible effects of less formal musical activities typical for preschool-aged children (e.g., before the age of seven). …”
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“…Participants with no formal music training (N = 190) completed the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index, measures of personality and cognitive ability, and the Musical Ear Test (MET). …”
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“…Objective  To verify the correlation between the practice of choir music and the temporal ordering in elderly with no prior formal musical experience. Method  The study design is cross-sectional. …”
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“…BACKGROUND: Formal musical training is known to have positive effects on attentional and executive functioning, processing speed, and working memory. …”
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“…Liking music and participation in extracurricular activities predicted scores on SC, and starting formal music education before age 8 predicted scores in HFE. …”
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“…Finally, years of formal music training did not significantly influence corticomotor excitability while listening to music. …”
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“…In these studies, musicians are usually defined as having received some sort of formal music training. One issue with this definition is that there are many musicians who are self-taught. …”
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“…The use of pre-recorded music to ease behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia is popular in health-care contexts in both formal music therapy settings and in non-therapist led interventions. …”
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“…Performance on the finger-tapping task was positively associated with the number of years of formal music training, whereas performance on the circle-drawing task was positively associated with the age of participants. …”
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“…That networks discover Fourier phase spaces indicates that these spaces have an important role to play outside of formal music theory. Finding phase spaces in networks raises the strong possibility that Fourier components are possible codes for musical cognition.…”
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“…We identified the minimal threshold that the participants could detect, and we found that better performance was associated with higher intelligence, East Asian ancestry, male sex, younger age, formal music training–especially before age 6–and English as the native language. …”
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“…Participants with formal musical training showed more inter-subject correlation, and sustained it across exposures to music in an unfamiliar style. …”
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“…In the present study, we investigated whether formal music training enhances audiovisual multisensory processing. …”
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