“…The PGA values estimated for the study region, considering hard rock conditions, were 0.08 g, 0.27 g, and 0.57 g for 475, 2475 and 9975 years return periods, respectively. …”
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“…The drill-and-blast method is widely used for the excavation of hard rock tunnels. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are released immediately after blasting by the detonation of explosives. …”
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“…The circular saw blade cutting hard rock numerical simulation model based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA was established to investigate the complex dynamic problem in rock cutting. …”
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“…At the same time, it also sheds lights on preparing similar materials of hard rock.…”
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“…In this study, 3D printing technology is used to simulate hard rock and coal, and the rock mechanics test method is used to carry out the coal–rock combination experiment. …”
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“…Composed of highly fragmented habitat created by hard rock mining, the ore dumps at this site were likely colonized by pikas around the end of the 19(th) century from nearby natural talus outcrops. …”
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“…We used two sets of illuminated reactors connected to two groundwater aquifers with different Fe(2+) concentrations (0.9 μM vs. 26 μM) in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL), Sweden. Cyanobacterial biofilms developed in all reactors and were phylogenetically different between the reactors. …”
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“…Iron is a common pollutant in waters near coal and hard rock mine disturbances. The current 1000 µg/L total recoverable chronic criterion for iron (Fe) for protection of aquatic life in the United States was developed using very limited data in 1976 and has not been revised since. …”
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“…Recently, a complementary technique called luminescence rock surface dating (RSD), which uses differential spatial eviction of trapped charges in rocks exposed to daylight, has been developed to derive exposure and burial ages, and hard-rock erosion rates. In its current form, the RSD technique suffers from labour intensive sample preparation, uncertainties in the depth and dose rate estimates, and poor resolution of the luminescence-depth profile. …”
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“…The presently increasing demand for rare earth elements (REE), particularly in high-tech and “green energy” applications, has led to global interest in the distribution, origins and formation conditions of REE deposits. The World’s first hard-rock REE sources, the polymetallic deposits of Bastnäsfältet in Bergslagen, central Sweden, were also the place of the original discovery of several REE and many of their host minerals. …”
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“…Our approach is applicable in any hard rock setting, and the established correlations can be used in areas even where no well test exists.…”
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“…The blasthole lithology data collected by the intelligent drilling rig is divided into 7 categories according to the rock hardness, and the adjacent strata with similar lithology are combined and divided into two groups of soft rocks and hard rocks. According to the rock stratum grouping data of the blasthole and the unit explosive consumption of each type of lithology, the explosive amount and charge length required for the soft rock group and the hard rock group can be calculated, respectively. …”
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“…However, owing to an inadequate understanding of geological structures, it is challenging to locate the groundwater resources in crystalline hard rock terranes. In these terranes, faults, fractures, and shear zones play an important role in bedrock weathering and ultimately groundwater storage. …”
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“…We tested this approach in Sand Branch, Loudoun County, Virginia, USA, where salinization from hard rock mining and urban runoff has impaired aquatic life. …”
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“…The propulsive force and specific energy consumption increase as the rock strength increases, but they tend to close when the rock strength is greater than 80 MPa, which indicates that advanced slotting assistance is more suitable for hard rock. The results obtained in this paper can provide the operating parameters determination under different factors to some extent of the undercutting disc cutter in a pre-cut condition, which further improve the rock breaking performance of mechanized cutter.…”
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“…In this study, 21 boreholes representing a range of deep continental groundwaters from the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory were subjected to high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize how the different water types influence the microbial communities. …”
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“…We show that low diversity microbial communities in a hard-rock serpentinizing aquifer are assembled under the influence of strong selective processes imposed by high pH and enhanced ecological drift that occurs as the result of dispersal limitation due to the slow movement of water in the low permeability aquifer. …”
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“…The results show that various modification measures can effectively control the properties, and realize "hard-rock softening or soft-rock hardening" by changing the physical and mechanical parameters of the target rock sample. …”
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“…For rock masses with weak layer dip angles of 0° and 15°, cracks occur in both soft and hard rocks, where shear cracks are dominant in soft rocks, tensile cracks are dominant in hard rocks, and finally, the rock mass mainly exhibits tensile splitting failure. …”
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“…Subaerial endolithic systems of the current extreme environments on Earth provide exclusive insight into emergence and development of soils in the Precambrian when due to various stresses on the surfaces of hard rocks the cryptic niches inside them were much more plausible habitats for organisms than epilithic ones. …”
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