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“…The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva) is a particle accelerator which accelerates, among others, ions and produces collisions with energies per nucleons in the center of mass up to several TeraelectronVolts. …”
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“…They can be accessed at COMPASS via semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering of muons off nucleons. The relevant observables for fragmentation function extraction are hadron multiplicities, corresponding to the mean number of hadrons produced per deep inelastic scattering event. …”
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“…. - Quark and gluon content of nucleons and nuclei: (nuclear) parton distribution functions, hadron and jet fragmentation. - Spin and 3D structure: helicity distributions, transverse momentum dependent (TMDs) and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). - The properties of colored probes in cold nuclear matter: modifications of quarkonia production, jet formation and evolution, hadronization. - Complementarity and connections of EIC physics with p+p, p+A and A+A collisions: high-pt processes, diffraction, multi-parton interactions, quark-gluon plasma, colored probes in hot nuclear matter. - Physics beyond the Standard Model and connections to other areas in physics. - Future DIS facilities: accelerator and detector developments.…”
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“…Three different calculations of the number of nucleons participating in $p$+Pb collisions have been performed, assuming the Glauber model and its Glauber-Gribov Colour Fluctuation extensions. …”
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“…Furthermore, measurements of the $\rm{J}/\psi$ production in p-Pb collisions can unveil information on the effects originating from the binding of the nucleons in the nucleus, referred to as the cold nuclear matter effects (CNM). …”
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“…In central heavy-ion collisions, nucleons in the overlap regions (participants) undergo multiple collisions. …”
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“…It is, therefore, necessary to study nuclear magnetic moments of nuclei that lie close to nuclear shell closures or, in general, to any place on the nuclear chart where the valence nucleons start filling a higher lying orbital in the next major shell. …”
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“…Here adjacent nuclei are well described by valence nucleons interacting around the inert core. In particular the doubly magic $^{132}$Sn nucleus is also very neutron rich and serves as an ideal base from which to study changes in nuclear structure away from stability. …”
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“…After background subtraction and efficiency correction, the normalised production yields, corrected for background and efficiency, are presented as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the charged lepton and the average number of nucleons participating in the collision, the later being a measure of the collision centrality. …”
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“…A forward calorimeter (VCAL) shielded by a collimator (COLL) detects the energy of the spectator nucleons in Pb beam collisions and allows to trigger on the impact parameter of the reaction.\\ \\Pestov counter time of flight arrays were constructed and placed at the sides of VTPC1 to extend the acceptance for KK interferometry and $\phi$ meson production studies. …”
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“…The magnetic moment is sensitive to the single-particle nature of the valence nucleons. The development of radioactive beam facilities allows nowadays studying nuclear spins and moments of exotic nuclei which are far from the stability line. …”
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“…The event centrality in $p$+Pb collisions is determined by the sum of the transverse energy in the Pb-going forward calorimeter, $\Sigma{E}_\mathrm{T}^\mathrm{Pb}$, and the mean number of participating nucleons $N_\mathrm{part}$ is estimated using the Glauber and Glauber-Gribov models of semiclassical $p$+A collisions. …”
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“…Considering the fact that most of the antiproton deposited dose is resulted from high-LET nuclear fragments following pion interaction in surrounding nucleons, we reproduced depth dose curves of most probable energy range of pions and neutron particle using Geant4. …”
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“…This analysis shows that a lower proton energy reduces the number of nucleons evaporated in the spallation process. Therefore, for the collection of $^{155}$Tb, protons with an energy below 800 MeV should be used to minimise the contamination with $^{139}$Ce$^{16}$O. …”
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“…Since numerous measurements are available in the nucleonic sector, a sound understanding of N-N interactions is well established. …”
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“…Doubly-magic nuclei are more tightly bound than their neighbouring nuclei and provide valuable stepping stones for investigating the influence on nuclear structure properties when adding or removing nucleons (protons or neutrons). The tin isotopic chain is expected to have two doubly-magic nuclei, the neutron-deficient 100Sn (N = Z = 50) and neutron-rich 132Sn (N = 82, Z = 50). …”
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“…The strong nuclear force that is responsible for binding together protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei - and responsible for forming the nucleons themselves - can be explained by a quantum field theory known as Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). …”
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“…By exploring the structure of different nuclei, one can learn about the interaction between the nucleons, their building blocks. In this field of research, there is a strong interplay between experiment and theory. …”
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“…Chiral magnetic effect is the effect of charge separation in heavy ion collisions at the presence of external magnetic field (spectator nucleons produce magnetic field). The BF measures strength of charge separtion in balancing charges,therfore BF should be a good obervable for analysing CME. …”
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