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  1. 2201
    “…Median variations higher than 10% in the target D(95%) and gastro-intestinal OARs D(2%) were quantified at the end-inhale, whereas close to the end-exhale phase, limited variations of relevant dose metrics were found for both tumor and OARs. …”
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    Investigating the use of virtual 4DCT from 4DMRI in gated carbon ion radiation therapy of abdominal tumors
  2. 2202
    “…Liver metastases often occur in close proximity to radiosensitive organs at risk (OARs). This limits the possibility to apply sufficiently high doses needed for optimal local control. …”
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    MR-guided adaptive versus ITV-based stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatic metastases (MAESTRO): a randomized controlled phase II trial
  3. 2203
    “…MRI-based planning using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy - Image Guided Radiotherapy (VMAT-IGRT) with inverse dose painting was employed in delivering the planning target volume (PTV) dose and in sculpting exposure of organs at risk (OARs). A 2-mm margin was used for PTV expansion, reduced to 0 mm at the interface with critical OARs. …”
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    Urethra Sparing With Target Motion Mitigation in Dose-Escalated Extreme Hypofractionated Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy: 7-Year Results From a Phase II Study
  4. 2204
    “…The dosimetric and evaluation factors were recorded regarding planning target volume (PTV) and other organs at risk (OARs), with particular attention to the dose delivered to total lung and functional lungs. …”
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    CT ventilation image-guided helical Tomotherapy at sparing functional lungs for locally advanced lung cancer: analysis of dose-function metrics and the impact on pulmonary toxicity
  5. 2205
    “…CONCLUSION: In the context of SBRT for oligo liver tumors, increasing the number of coplanar half arcs will improve PTV conformity and offer better protection for OARs, albeit at the expense of increased treatment duration. …”
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    Dosimetric comparison in sparing normal tissue dosage by using auto-SBRT planning in oligo liver tumors
  6. 2206
    Publicado 1977
    “…Axopods of the planktonic protozoan, Sticholonche, are used as oars to propel the organism through seawater. Within each axopod is an orgainzed array of microtubules which inserts into a dense material that assumes the form of the head of a hip joint. …”
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    Movement generated by interactions between the dense material at the ends of microtubles and non-actin-containing microfilaments in Sticholonche zanclea
  7. 2207
    “…Two-full-arc VMAT (2ARC-VMAT), 9-field IMRT (9F-IMRT), and Hybrid IMRT/VMAT plans for NPC were compared in terms of the dosimetric quality, sparing of organs at risk (OARs), and delivery efficiency. The Hybrid IMRT/VMAT technique can improve the target dose homogeneity and conformity compared with 9F-IMRT and 2ARC-VMAT. …”
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    A Hybrid IMRT/VMAT Technique for the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Cancer
  8. 2208
    “…Dose distribution algorithms should be carefully chosen by physicists and oncologists to improve tumor control, as well as to optimize OARs protection.…”
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    Radiobiological Comparison of Acuros External Beam and Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm on Esophageal Carcinoma Radiotherapy Treatment Plans
  9. 2209
    “…Target coverage, organs at risk (OARs), number of monitor units, homogeneity, and conformity were compared across the four techniques to assess the quality of the plans. …”
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    Analytical dosimetric study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for prostate cancer
  10. 2210
    “…One model is that an unidentified motor embedded in the cell membrane utilizes the spicules as oars to generate a traveling wave external to the surface layer in the manner of ciliated eukaryotes.…”
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    Envelope structure of Synechococcus sp. WH8113, a nonflagellated swimming cyanobacterium
  11. 2211
    “…RESULTS: In comparison with carbon and proton beams only with horizontal beams, carbon ion treatment plans could spare the OARs more and concentrated on the target volumes more than proton and photon IMRT treatment plans. …”
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    Comparison of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with intensity modulated particle therapy (IMPT) using fixed beams or an ion gantry for the treatment of patients with skull base meningiomas
  12. 2212
    por van der Veen, Julie, Nuyts, Sandra
    Publicado 2017
    “…It allows closer shaping of dose, to target volumes, thereby sparing organs at risk (OARs). Before the IMRT-era, two-dimensional radiotherapy (2DRT) and later three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) were the techniques of choice, but this robust way of irradiating caused more normal tissue to receive a higher dose. …”
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    Can Intensity-Modulated-Radiotherapy Reduce Toxicity in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
  13. 2213
    “…TMI is one of the most challenging planning and delivery techniques of radiotherapy, as the whole skeleton should be irradiated, while sparing nearby organs at risk (OARs). Target volumes of 7–10 k cm(3) and healthy tissue volumes of 50–90 k cm(3) should be considered and inverse treatment planning is needed. …”
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    Total marrow irradiation for hematopoietic malignancies using volumetric modulated arc therapy: A review of treatment planning studies()()
  14. 2214
    “…The plans were evaluated by calculating Conformity Index (CI) and Homogeneity Index (HI) and critical organ (OARs) doses of individual tumor sites. RESULTS: The average CI of various sites was 1.4 (range: 1.0–2.0) and average HI of various sites was 1.20 (range: 1.07–1.374), respective critical organ doses were adequately achieved. …”
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    Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT): A modern radiotherapy technique - A single institutional experience
  15. 2215
    “…The doses of the other organs at risk (OARs) were similar among the three plans (P > 0.05). …”
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    Three-dimensional arterial spin labeling-guided dose painting radiotherapy for non-enhancing low-grade gliomas
  16. 2216
    “…In all 26 OARs were considered of which five were serial and the remaining were parallel structures. …”
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    Comparative dosimetric analysis of volumetric modulated arc therapy based craniospinal irradiation plans between Halcyon ring gantry and TrueBeam C-arm linear accelerator
  17. 2217
    “…Medical dosimetry is an important component in training of radiation therapist, yet it is not easy for student to understand the principle of treatment planning and to be familiar with the relationship of the clinical target volume (CTV), planned target volume (PTV), and the nearby organs at risk (OARs) by just imagination. This study is conducted to evaluate whether using VERT in teaching medical dosimetry can help student to improve their learning experience. …”
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    The Role of Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) in Medical Dosimetry Education
  18. 2218
    “…Urinary bladder and rectum are the organs at risk (OARs) that receive a significant dose during treatment. …”
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    Design and development of an inflatable latex balloon to reduce rectal and bladder doses for patients undergoing high dose rate brachytherapy
  19. 2219
    “…Adaptive replanning IMRT made it possible to perform locally curative treatment of the metastatic choroidal lesion with a higher dose for the PTV, and a lower dose for organs at risk (OARs).…”
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    Adaptive replanning intensity-modulated radiotherapy for choroidal metastasis of breast cancer using optical coherence tomography
  20. 2220
    “…The elongated legs of water striders play a key role in generating efficient movement on the fluid by acting as propelling oars. RESULTS: To determine the developmental mechanisms underlying leg elongation, we examined the function of the key developmental genes decapentaplegic (dpp), wingless (wg), epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr), and hedgehog (hh) during embryonic development in the water strider Limnoporus dissortis. …”
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    Key patterning genes contribute to leg elongation in water striders
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