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“…Individuals differ in the way they judge ambiguous information: some individuals interpret ambiguous information in a more optimistic, and others in a more pessimistic way. Over the past two decades, such “optimistic” and “pessimistic” cognitive judgment biases (CJBs) have been utilized in animal welfare science as indicators of animals’ emotional states. …”
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“…Emotions can bias human decisions- for example depressed or anxious people tend to make pessimistic judgements while those in positive affective states are often more optimistic. Several studies have reported that affect contingent judgement biases can also be produced in animals. …”
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“…In this paper, we present a new sound approach that leverages value iteration’s ability to usually deliver good lower bounds: we obtain a lower bound via standard value iteration, use the result to “guess” an upper bound, and prove the latter’s correctness. We present this optimistic value iteration approach for computing reachability probabilities as well as expected rewards. …”
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“…We suggest that such a bias can be explained as a tendency for optimistic underestimation of the chance of experiencing negative events, an optimism repressed when information is gathered through direct operant learning.…”
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“…Cardiologists should be just as aggressive with prevention as many have been with intervention. This optimistic overview is a valley cry to all practicing physicians; please depart from usual methods of intervention to preventive strategies which are largely overlooked.…”
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“…We tested the influence of age on optimistic and pessimistic beliefs about the future and the associated structural neural correlates. …”
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“…The C statistic is a commonly reported measure of screening test performance. Optimistic estimation of the C statistic is a frequent problem because of overfitting of statistical models in small data sets, and methods exist to correct for this issue. …”
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“…This alteration is produced by the activation of the optimistic bias characterized by a set of the unrealistic beliefs compared to the outcomes of their behavior. …”
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“…A recent study suggests that future expectations in individuals with dysphoria become more optimistic when asked to make optimistic future predictions about the future. …”
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“…Recent forecasts published by demographers provide higher e0 estimates than official forecasts for France, Sweden, Japan and the USA, and do not consider that e0 could decrease, as in previous years because of flus, heatwaves, or other outbreaks. Too optimistic forecasts make that governments may overestimate future pension needs.…”
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“…This is referred to as optimistic belief updating. By contrast, individuals with depression update their beliefs by a similar amount, showing reduced optimism. …”
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