“…The dinucleotide cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is synthesized as a second messenger in the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis as well as in many bacteria and archaea. …”
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“…These spliced RNAs are the messengers for the Env glycoproteins and the viral regulatory factors. …”
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“…CONCLUSION: The data may suggest the presence of two separate classes of late WSSV genes, one exploiting the cellular RNA polymerase II system for mRNA synthesis and the other generating messengers by a new virus-induced transcription mechanism.…”
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“…BACKGROUND: Phosphodiesterases are an important protein family that catalyse the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cAMP and cGMP), second intracellular messengers responsible for transducing a variety of extra-cellular signals. …”
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“…Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) are the enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis and inactivation of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP. Eleven PDE families are described to date, and selective inhibitors of some PDEs families are currently used in clinic for treating cardiovascular disorders, erectile dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension. …”
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“…Calcium ions represent universal second messengers within neuronal cells integrating multiple cellular functions, such as release of neurotransmitters, gene expression, proliferation, excitability, and regulation of cell death or apoptotic pathways. …”
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“…During this process, Fc gamma R stimulation results in the rapid activation of phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes membrane phosphoinositides, generating inositol-1,4,5- trisphosphate and sn-1,2-diacylglycerol as second messengers. We have recently reported that PLC activation after Fc gamma R stimulation can be inhibited by a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor. …”
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“…The lipid phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) plays a role in cytoskeletal regulation while its hydrolysis products, diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, serve as second messengers. We therefore measured the effect of adhesion to fibronectin (FN) on PIP2 and its hydrolysis products, in the presence and absence of the soluble mitogen PDGF. …”
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“…Thus, local elevation of cAMP-dependent activity produces long-range and opposite effects on distant parts of the neuron, and a cytosolic gradient of second messengers may produce effects distinctly different from those following uniform global elevation of the messenger, leading to differential growth regulation at different regions of the same neuron.…”
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“…Thus, SPP is a prototype for a novel class of lipid mediators that act both extracellularly as ligands for cell surface receptors and intracellularly as second messengers.…”
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“…The metabolism of AA-containing phosphoglycerides within T cell membranes leads to the generation of second messengers that appear to play a crucial role in transmembrane signal transduction. …”
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“…Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is one of the second messengers capable of releasing Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum/ER subcompartments. …”
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“…All of our findings are consistent with the notion that bleaching adaptation is not mediated by a freely diffusible cytoplasmic messenger.…”
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“…It has long been believed that vertebrate olfactory signal transduction is mediated by independent multiple pathways (using cAMP and InsP(3) as second messengers). However, the dual presence of parallel pathways in the olfactory receptor cell is still controversial, mainly because of the lack of information regarding the single-cell response induced by odorants that have been shown to produce InsP(3) exclusively (but not cAMP) in the olfactory cilia. …”
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“…Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca(2+) are two ubiquitous second messengers in transduction pathways downstream of receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters and local signals. …”
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“…The regulation of these processes is not fully understood at the molecular level but they may require information transfer to the nucleus by locally generated messengers. Electrical synapse proteins may comprise a feasible molecular determinant in such an information-laden signalling pathway. …”
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“…Interactions between cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca(2+) are widespread, and for both intracellular messengers, their spatial organization is important. …”
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“…Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze the intracellular second messengers cAMP and cGMP to their corresponding monophosphates. …”
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“…Women who during pregnancy received care in a disconnected diabetes organisation were forced to act as messengers between different care providers. CONCLUSION: Clarity in terms of defining responsibilities is necessary during pregnancy and childbirth, both among care providers and between the woman and the care provider. …”
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“…Of the three major Ca(2+) mobilizing messengers described, the most potent, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is the least well understood in terms of its molecular targets [1]. …”
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