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  1. 2361
  2. 2362
    “…In plants the IP(3) receptors have not been identified, so other second messengers might translate the threshold plasma membrane depolarization to Ca(2+) release. …”
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  3. 2363
    “…Cyclic dinucleotides (cDNs) act as intracellular second messengers, modulating bacterial physiology to regulate the fundamental life style transition between motility and sessility commonly known as biofilm formation. …”
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  4. 2364
  5. 2365
    “…Free radicals act as secondary messengers, modulating a number of important biological processes, including gene expression, ion mobilization in transport systems, protein interactions and enzymatic functions, cell growth, cell cycle, redox homeostasis, among others. …”
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  6. 2366
    “…These roles occur mainly through S-sulfhydration, a post-translational modification through which H(2)S is able to change the activity of several targets, such as ion channels, second messengers, proteins, among others. However, in respiratory diseases the metabolism of H(2)S is altered, which seems to contribute somehow to the respiratory deterioration. …”
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  7. 2367
    “…Managing ROS levels by modulating their production and scavenging systems shifts the role of these compounds from toxic molecules to key messengers involved in plant tolerance acquisition. …”
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  8. 2368
    “…Endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of the aerobic metabolism of cells and have an important signalling role as secondary messengers in various physiological processes, including cell growth and development. …”
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  9. 2369
    “…In addition to regulating feeding and energy expenditure, these metabolic messengers also modulate the functional performance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. …”
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  10. 2370
    “…Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that act as intercellular messengers. Previous studies revealed that, during acute pancreatitis, circulating exosomes could reach the alveolar compartment and activate macrophages. …”
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  11. 2371
    “…Exosomes are small vesicles that act as intercellular messengers, and their potential for stem cell activation in pathological conditions has not been fully characterized yet. …”
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  12. 2372
    “…Furthermore, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and Reactome pathway analysis indicate that Ras as well as intracellular signaling by second messengers were found to be enriched in the ET individuals. …”
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  13. 2373
    “…The activity of cilia is under supervision of multiple physiological regulators, including second messengers. Their role is to enable a movement in coordinated metachronal waves at certain beat frequency. …”
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  14. 2374
    “…Cyclic dimeric 3′–5′ guanosine monophosphate, c-di-GMP, one of the well-known bacterial second messengers, has been recently shown to govern morphogenesis and natural product synthesis in Streptomyces by altering the activity of the pleiotropic regulator BldD. …”
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  15. 2375
    “…This is probably caused by interplay of various messengers shared by more growth factor signalling cascades. …”
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  16. 2376
    “…The extant literature confirms that an array of polymorphic genes related to- neurotransmitters and second messengers govern the net release of dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) in the mesolimbic region of the brain. …”
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  17. 2377
    “…Astrocytes provide neurons with structural support and energy in form of lactate, modulate synaptic transmission, are insulin sensitive and act as gatekeeper for water, ions, glutamate and second messengers. Furthermore, astrocytes are important for glucose sensing, possess neuroendocrine functions and also play an important role in cerebral lipid metabolism. …”
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  18. 2378
    “…In CCl(4)-induced rats, stress signaling pathways due to inflammatory cytokines, liver enzymes, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum messengers could be attenuated by CNPs. Commercial CNPs showed protective effects on rats with hepatic ischemia reperfusion and peritonitis-induced hepatic/cardiac injuries by decreasing oxidative stress and hepatic/cardiac inflammation. …”
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  19. 2379
    por Checa, Javier, Aran, Josep M
    Publicado 2020
    “…Indeed, throughout an organism’s lifespan, ROS affect directly (as mutagens) or indirectly (as messengers and regulators) all structural and functional components of cells, and many aspects of cell biology. …”
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  20. 2380
    “…The exosomes from Leishmania parasites contain an array of parasite molecules such as virulence factors and survival messengers, capable of modulating the host immune response and thereby favoring the infection of the host. …”
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