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  1. 10761
    “…BACKGROUND: Many multicellular eukaryotes have two types of spliceosomes for the removal of introns from messenger RNA precursors. The major (U2) spliceosome processes the vast majority of introns, referred to as U2-type introns, while the minor (U12) spliceosome removes a small fraction (less than 0.5%) of introns, referred to as U12-type introns. …”
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    Evolutionary dynamics of U12-type spliceosomal introns
  2. 10762
    “…BACKGROUND: In many eukaryotes, microRNAs (miRNAs) bind to complementary sites in the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and regulate their expression at the stage of translation. …”
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    Computational prediction and experimental validation of evolutionarily conserved microRNA target genes in bilaterian animals
  3. 10763
    “…Their very small size in principle makes them less prone to degradation processes, unlike messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which were previously proposed as molecular tools for forensic body fluid identification. …”
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    MicroRNA markers for forensic body fluid identification obtained from microarray screening and quantitative RT-PCR confirmation
  4. 10764
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    One Health approach to identify research needs in bovine and human babesioses: workshop report
  5. 10765
    “…BACKGROUND: The human polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV) produces five tumor proteins encoded by transcripts alternatively spliced from one precursor messenger RNA. Significant attention has been given to replication and transforming activities of JCV's large tumor antigen (TAg) and three T′ proteins, but little is known about small tumor antigen (tAg) functions. …”
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    JC Virus Small t Antigen Binds Phosphatase PP2A and Rb Family Proteins and Is Required for Efficient Viral DNA Replication Activity
  6. 10766
    “…Furthermore, the hypothesis is validated out that the siRNA binding efficacy on different messenger RNAs(mRNAs) have different conditional distribution, thus the multi-task learning can be conducted by viewing tasks at an "mRNA"-level rather than at the "experiment"-level. …”
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    Multi-task learning for cross-platform siRNA efficacy prediction: an in-silico study
  7. 10767
    “…Among the identified microRNAs, miR-148a, miR-222 and miR-21 exhibited a significantly higher expression in non-responder patients either before and after fludarabine treatment. After performing messenger RNA expression profile of the same patients, the activation of p53-responsive genes was detected in fludarabine responsive cases only, therefore suggesting a possible mechanism linked to microRNA deregulation in non-responder patients. …”
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    MicroRNAs involvement in fludarabine refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  8. 10768
    “…Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate represents a newly identified second messenger in T cells involved in antigen receptor-mediated calcium signalling. …”
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    Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate-mediated calcium signalling in effector T cells regulates autoimmunity of the central nervous system
  9. 10769
    “…Following transcription, mRNA is processed, packaged into messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particles, and transported through nuclear pores (NPCs) to the cytoplasm. …”
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    Structural Basis for the Function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gfd1 Protein in mRNA Nuclear Export
  10. 10770
    “…BACKGROUND: Ca(2+ )is a ubiquitous messenger that has been shown to be responsible for controlling numerous cellular processes including cell growth and cell death. …”
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    Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca(2+ )signalling is involved in estradiol-induced breast cancer epithelial cell growth
  11. 10771
    “…INTRODUCTION: Type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4) play an important role in immune cells through the hydrolysis of the second messenger, cAMP. Inhibition of PDE4 has previously been shown to suppress immune and inflammatory responses, demonstrating PDE4 to be a valid therapeutic target for immune-mediated pathologies. …”
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    Apremilast, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells and ameliorates experimental arthritis
  12. 10772
    “…Here we demonstrate increased messenger RNA for nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family member, transcription factor RelB, in the brain of doxycycline-induced Tat transgenic mice, and increased RelB synthesis in Tat-exposed microglial cells. …”
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    Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Family Member RelB Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Production
  13. 10773
    “…Adhesion was accompanied by enhanced expression of TNF-α, MCP-1 and ICAM-1. Messenger RNA expression of TLR-4 was also exacerbated in the WD+CLP group. …”
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    Western diet enhances hepatic inflammation in mice exposed to cecal ligation and puncture
  14. 10774
    “…We have examined whether saturated nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin, which increase in concentration with developing insulin resistance, can trigger the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human monocytes. METHODS: Messenger RNA and protein levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Luminex bioassays. …”
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    Palmitate and insulin synergistically induce IL-6 expression in human monocytes
  15. 10775
    “…BACKGROUND: RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process that, in seed plants, involves a cytosine to uracil change in messenger RNA, causing the translated protein to differ from that predicted by the DNA sequence. …”
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    Are substitution rates and RNA editing correlated?
  16. 10776
    “…Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), aggrecan, collagen type II, and collagen type I messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the rat nucleus pulposus (NP) were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). …”
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    Intradiscal injection of simvastatin retards progression of intervertebral disc degeneration induced by stab injury
  17. 10777
    “…In response to exercise, plasma leptin decreased more in offspring than controls (−32.2% vs −7.3%, P = .005 for interaction); and the long isoform of the leptin receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) increased significantly only in the offspring (+39.4%, P = .026 vs +7.7%, P = .892). …”
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    Effects of diabetes family history and exercise training on the expression of adiponectin and leptin and their receptors
  18. 10778
    “…They describe a novel paradigm in bacterial signal transduction: regulation of a periplasmic enzyme by an inner membrane signaling protein that binds a cytoplasmic second messenger.…”
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    A c-di-GMP Effector System Controls Cell Adhesion by Inside-Out Signaling and Surface Protein Cleavage
  19. 10779
    “…Here, we present a highly specific and sensitive messenger RNA (mRNA) approach for skin identification, meeting the key requirements in forensic analyses. …”
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    mRNA-based skin identification for forensic applications
  20. 10780
    “…Frataxin levels correlated inversely with GAA1 and GAA2 expansions, and directly with age at onset. Messenger RNA expression was reduced to 19.4% in cFA, 50.4% in LOFA, 52.7% in pFA, 53.0% in carriers, as compared to controls (p<0.0001). mRNA levels proved to be diagnostic when comparing cFA with controls resulting in 100% sensitivity and specificity. …”
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    A Combined Nucleic Acid and Protein Analysis in Friedreich Ataxia: Implications for Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Clinical Trial Design
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