“…In addition to this housekeeping function, mammalian XOR is a physiological source of superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, which can function as second messengers in the activation of various pathways. This review intends to address the physiological and pathological roles of XOR-derived oxidant molecules. …”
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“…Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by cells that act as messengers that influence cell fate. Although exosomal function has been studied with respect to cancer and immunology, the role of exosomes as inducers of stem cell differentiation has not been explored. …”
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“…Over the last few years, cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as effective cell-to-cell messengers that transfer several bioactive molecules in target cells, modulating the pathogenesis and progression of NASH. …”
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“…The revelation of mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT) at the cellular level as well as singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) as a second messengers requires the quantification of intracellular (1)O(2). …”
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“…Subsequently, down-stream production of second messengers generates patterns of form and function. …”
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“…Calcium ions entering through the channel function as second messengers regulating cell functions, with the exception of skeletal muscle, where Ca(V)1.1 essentially does not function as a channel but activates calcium release from intracellular stores. …”
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“…Altering intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immune regulation, neural cell death, axon plasticity and remyelination has shown therapeutic benefit in experimental models of neurological disease and trauma. The second messengers, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), are two such intracellular signaling targets, the elevation of which has produced beneficial cellular effects within a range of CNS pathologies. …”
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“…Taking into account the existing link between ROS and secondary signaling messengers that lead to transcriptional regulation of secondary metabolism, in this perspective we put forward the argument that ROS induced in plants upon their interaction with NPs will likely interfere with plant secondary metabolism. …”
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“…Phospholipase-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis leads to the production of lipid mediators or second messengers that affect signal transduction, thus regulating a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. …”
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“…These receptors activate a common molecular switch that is represented by the heterotrimeric G-protein generating a number of second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3, Ca(2+) etc.), leading to a plethora of diverse cellular responses. …”
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“…Hence, it is often overlooked that hepcidin-secreting hepatocytes are physiologically exposed to 2–7% oxygen, and that key oxygen species such as H(2)O(2) act as signaling messengers in such a hypoxic environment. Indeed, with the recently introduced glucose oxidase/catalase (GOX/CAT) system it has been possible to independently study hypoxia and H(2)O(2) signaling. …”
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“…To achieve this process, bacteria use signaling molecules, known as autoinducers (AIs), as chemical messengers to share information. Naturally occurring strategies that interfere with bacterial signaling have been extensively studied in recent years, examining their potential to control bacteria. …”
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“…Although discovering new β-cell subpopulations has substantially advanced our understanding of islet biology, a point of caution is that these characteristics have often necessarily been identified in single β-cells dissociated from the islet. β-Cells in the islet show extensive communication with each other via gap junctions and with other cell types via diffusible chemical messengers. As such, how these different subpopulations contribute to in situ islet function, including during plasticity, is not well understood. …”
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“…Furthermore, differential regulation of the RGS18 complex, second messengers, protein kinases, and phosphatases are presented, and control over small G‐proteins by guanine‐nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase‐activating proteins are outlined. …”
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“…Exosomes are discrete populations of small (40-200 nm in diameter) membranous vesicles that are released into the extracellular space by most cell types, eventually accumulating in the circulation. As molecular messengers, exosomes exert a broad array of vital physiologic functions by transporting information between different cell types. …”
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“…These arise paradoxically from a lack of reactive oxygen species production needed as second messengers for immune regulation. Both Nox2 and the six other human NADPH oxidases display signaling functions in addition to the functions of these enzymes in specialized biochemical reactions, for instance, synthesis of the hormone thyroxine. …”
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“…The role of circulating ncRNAs is still under investigation but are believed to be paracrine or endocrine messengers to systematically deliver signals between cells and tissues. …”
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“…This review summarizes three standpoints viewing those lipid functions for TRP modulations as second messengers, intercellular transmitters, or bilayer building blocks. …”
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“…Adenine nucleotide (AN) 2nd messengers, such as 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), are central elements of intracellular signaling, but many details of their underlying processes remain elusive. …”
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“…Various neurotransmitters, hormones, neuropeptides, and cytokines have been also characterized as signal messengers or effectors to regulate humoral and cellular immunity, energy metabolism, shell formation, and larval development in response to a vast array of environmental stressors. …”
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