“…This study provides a new conceptual framework of neuronal ROS as second messengers required for neuronal plasticity and for network tuning, whose dysregulation in the ageing brain and under neurodegenerative conditions may contribute to synaptic dysfunction.…”
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“…The cellular types that mount the regenerative/reparative hepatic response to the damage belong to different lineages, including cholagiocytes, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells, which dynamically interact with each other, exchanging different signals acting in autocrine and paracrine fashion. Those messengers may be proinflammatory cytokines and profibrotic chemokines (IL-1, and 6; CXCL1, 10 and 12, or MCP-1), morphogens (Notch, Hedgehog, and WNT/β-catenin signal pathways) and finally growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, and TGFβ, among others). …”
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“…We investigated odorant-stimulated increases in Ca(2+) and cAMP, major second messengers in the OST pathway, in non-neuronal 3T3-L1 cells pretreated with limonin and ethanol extracts of DRC. …”
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“…They transport a variety of bioactive molecules, including messenger RNA, noncoding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, that can be transferred among cells, regulating various cell responses. …”
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“…We analyzed the effects of signaling molecules, such as innate immunity messengers, transcription factors, LPS, cytokine, inflammatory chemokines, and MMPs, on Cx43 expression during the inflammatory process. …”
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“…Ceramides are central intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism that also function as potent messengers in stress signaling and apoptosis. Progress in understanding how ceramides execute their biological roles is hampered by a lack of methods to manipulate their cellular levels and metabolic fate with appropriate spatiotemporal precision. …”
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“…An emerging concept in cell signaling is the natural role of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), as beneficial messengers in redox signaling pathways. Despite growing evidence, the nature of H(2)O(2) signaling is confounded by difficulties in tracking it in living systems both spatially and temporally at low concentrations. …”
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“…Recently, a growing body of evidence has shown the role of reactive species as secondary messengers in cell proliferation and differentiation, as opposed to the harmful metabolism byproducts that they were previously solely recognized as. …”
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“…Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) play central roles in bacterial homeostasis and virulence as nucleotide second messengers. Bacterial CDNs also elicit immune responses during infection when they are detected by pattern recognition receptors in animal cells. …”
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“…A variety of approaches have been proposed which rely on microglia treatment with pharmacological agents, cytokines, lipid messengers, or microRNAs, as well on nutritional approaches or therapies with immunomodulatory cells. …”
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“…Although GPCRs are typically considered as detectors for first messengers in classical signal transduction pathways, they seldom operate in isolation in complex biological systems. …”
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“…Recent studies have demonstrated that these proteins are also required for acclimation responses to various abiotic stresses, such as high light, UV radiation, drought and cold, and that their function is mediated through secondary messengers, such as salicylic acid (SA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), ethylene (ET) and other signaling molecules. …”
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“…In cells, photosensitizer (PS) activation by visible light irradiation triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, followed by a cascade of cellular responses involving calcium (Ca(2+)) and other second messengers, resulting in cell demise. Cytotoxic effects spread to nearby cells not exposed to light by poorly characterized so-called “bystander effects”. …”
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“…Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) are major messengers in cell signaling, impacting nearly every aspect of cellular life. …”
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“…Gap junctional channels are specialized components of the cellular membrane that allow the intercellular passage of small metabolites, ions, and second messengers to maintain homeostasis. They are comprised of members of the connexin gene family that encode a wide array of proteins that are expressed in nearly every tissue type. …”
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“…ROS/NO production is also involved in signaling processes as secondary messengers in plant cells under physiological conditions. …”
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“…As LTPs modulate the distribution of lipids within cellular membranes, and many lipid species function as second messengers in key signaling pathways that control cell survival, proliferation, and migration, LTPs have been implicated in cancer-associated signal transduction cascades. …”
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“…The spatiotemporal regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and its dynamic interactions with other second messengers such as calcium are critical features of signaling specificity required for neuronal development and connectivity. cAMP is known to contribute to long-term potentiation and memory formation by controlling the formation and regulation of dendritic spines. …”
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“…Numerous studies have shown that they are often universal signaling messengers, which trigger a signaling cascade in similar reactions and processes among different kingdoms. …”
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“…Different channels of the TRP family are regulated by one or more of the following mechanisms: activation of G protein-coupled receptors, the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) store, heat, oxidative stress, or some second messengers. This review briefly compiles our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of regulations, and functions of the TRP channels in the β-cells, the α-cells, and some insulinoma cell lines.…”
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