“…It has been demonstrated that agonist (Glu or NMDA) or co-agonist (Glycine or d-Serine) bindings initiate intracellular events, including conformational changes, exchange of molecular interactions, release of second messengers, and signal transduction, that result in different cellular events including endocytosis, LTD, cell death, and neuroprotection, among others. …”
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“…Initially identified as a key enzyme for inositol phosphates synthesis, small messengers regulating many aspects of cell physiology, IPMK is now implicated in a number of metabolic pathways affecting the aging process. …”
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“…There has been growing interest in exosome research in the last decade due to their emerging role as intercellular messengers and their potential in disease diagnosis. …”
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“…These could act as messengers in tissue cross talk during physical exercise. …”
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“…Control of microneme exocytosis is best understood, where cytosolic intermediate molecular messengers cGMP and Ca(2+) act as positive signals. …”
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“…Under stressful conditions, essentially nutrient starvation, these second messengers completely reshape the metabolism and physiology by coordinately modulating growth, transcription, translation and cell cycle. …”
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“…Notably, the incubation of silenced cells with the exosomes extracted from culture medium of the same untreated cells promoted the restoration of the cell viability and, also, of the FZD10 and FZD10-mRNA level, thus indicating that the FZD10 and FZD10-mRNA delivering exosomes may be potential messengers of cancer reactivation and play an active role in long-distance metastatization.…”
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“…The interplay of the three major bone cells – osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes – is normally well regulated via the secretion of messengers to control bone remodeling. Possible imbalances that might occur in the elderly are partly due to age, genetic risk factors, and adverse lifestyle factors but importantly also due to imbalances in calcium homeostasis (mostly due to vitamin D deficiency or hypochlorhydria), which have to be eliminated. …”
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“…Cancer needs to communicate with other cells for survival, and thus they secrete various messengers, including exosomes that contain many proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, etc., for construction of the tumor microenvironment. …”
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“…Since EVs can act as messengers between parent and recipient cells, they could be involved in cell-to-cell and organ-to-organ communication in metabolic diseases. …”
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“…Moreover, recent studies have uncovered a crucial role for bacterial post-biotics (metabolites) in the orchestration of the host immune response, as they could be messengers between the GM and the immune system. In addition, transgenic mouse models showed that SCFAs (Short Chain Fatty Acids) and Tryptophan (Trp) post-biotics play important immunomodulatory effects, regulating both innate and adaptive immune cell generation, their function and trafficking. …”
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“…Others suggest that exercise causes an increase in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis mainly due to an increase in blood flow, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hormones, and second messengers. …”
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“…Active Rap1 couples extracellular stimulation with intracellular signaling through secondary messengers—cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), Ca(2+), and diacylglycerol (DAG). …”
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“…At last, building on recent studies pointing to exosomes with the roles in increasing muscle regeneration, mediating the beneficial effects of exercise, and serving as messengers of intercellular communication and as carriers for research strategies of many diseases, we propose that exosomes could be a potential research direction or strategies of sarcopenia in the future.…”
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“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play critical roles as intracellular messengers, regulating numerous signaling pathways linked to metabolism and cell growth. …”
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“…Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) catalyze the generation of the essential second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (InsP(3)) by hydrolyzing PtdIns(4,5)P(2). …”
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“…Cyclic nucleotide second messengers are increasingly implicated in prokaryotic anti-viral defence systems. …”
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“…These reports were followed by the discovery that such steroids may be synthesised not only in peripheral endocrine glands, but locally in the central nervous system (CNS), to potentially act as paracrine, or autocrine “neurosteroid” messengers, thereby fine tuning neuronal inhibition. …”
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“…Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) act as second messengers regulating secretion in many of these cases. …”
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“…Phosphoinositides are lipid second messengers regulating in time and place the formation of protein complexes involved in the control of intracellular signaling, vesicular trafficking, and cytoskeleton/membrane dynamics. …”
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