“…Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that can act as biological messengers between cells, in the context of health and disease. …”
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“…Additionally, immune cells contribute to the persistent activation of mesenchymal cells and perpetuation of inflammation. Molecules are messengers of crosstalk between these cellular compartments. …”
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“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as secondary messengers that regulate various developmental and signal transduction processes, with ROS primarily generated by NADPH OXIDASEs (referred to as RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGs [RBOHs] in plants). …”
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“…Recent findings suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential secondary messengers that activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Hydrogen-rich saline (HS) has attracted attention for its anti-inflammatory properties. …”
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“…In contrast, a regulated and fine-tuned release of "signaling ROS" (sROS) provides essential intracellular second messengers to modulate central aspects of immunity, including antigen presentation, activation of antigen presenting cells (APC) as well as the APC:T cell interaction during T cell activation. …”
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“…CONCLUSION: We identified credible messengers, feasible strategies, and elements of impactful messages for interventions to increase adolescent HPV vaccination for U.S. …”
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“…Novel therapeutic targets are often hard-to-drug proteins, such as messengers or transcription factors. Computational strategies arise as a promising solution to expedite drug discovery for unconventional therapeutic targets. …”
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“…Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) behave as key second messengers for multiple receptor/ligand interactions. …”
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“…This PLA2 activity bifurcates P4 signaling by inducing mPRβ clathrin-dependent endocytosis and producing lipid messengers that are G-protein coupled receptors agonists. …”
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“…BACKGROUND: The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins act as extracellular messengers to control and coordinate growth and differentiation. …”
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“…These data suggest that distinct second messengers are involved in the regulation of AChR biosynthesis by CGRP and muscle activity and that these two pathways may contribute to the development of different patterns of AChR gene expression in junctional and extrajunctional areas of the muscle fiber.…”
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“…The switch between a recycling receptor to a transcytotic receptor cannot be explained by a modification of the internalization signals of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor, since we have shown that LDL receptor messengers in growing brain capillary ECs (recycling LDL receptor) or differentiated cells (transcytotic receptor) are 100% identical, but we cannot exclude posttranslational modifications of the cytoplasmic domain, as demonstrated for the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. …”
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“…Gap junctions represent a ubiquitous and integral part of multicellular organisms, providing the only conduit for direct exchange of nutrients, messengers and ions between neighboring cells. However, at the molecular level we have limited knowledge of their endogenous permeants and selectivity features. …”
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“…We now show that the deficient induction of CD95-L and apoptosis does not derive from a general lower production of second messengers, since intracellular Ca(2+) fluxes and tyrosine phosphorylation of total proteins were elicited at wild-type levels. …”
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“…These results strongly suggested that the channel is an ionotropic receptor (a receptor/channel complex), activated directly by sucrose without mediation by second messengers or G protein. The channel was shown to be a nonselective cation channel. …”
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“…Together with earlier findings in the SNX model, the present data suggest the hypothesis that the local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) may be activated by at least two pathways: (a) via second messengers and Gproteins (short-term signalling); and (b) via motor proteins, actins and integrins (longterm signalling). …”
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“…Endocannabinoids, which can function as retrograde messengers acting through presynaptic CB1 receptors, are highly expressed in the dorsolateral striatum, a key region involved in habit formation. …”
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“…An increase of electrical activity can be caused by electrical stimulation [2] or by pharmacological manipulations: elevation of extracellular K(+ )[3], blockage of inhibitory pathways [4] or by an increase of second messengers intracellular concentrations [5]. Neuronal plasticity is mediated by several biochemical pathways leading to the modulation of synaptic strength, density of ionic channels and morphological changes of neuronal arborisation [6]. …”
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“…These processes involve the production and degradation of second messengers (IP(3) and DAG), the opening and closing of a series of ionic channels (IP(3)-gated Ca(2+) channel, DAG-gated cationic channel, Ca(2+)-gated Cl(−) channel, and Ca(2+)- and voltage-gated K(+) channel), and Ca(2+) extrusion mechanisms. …”
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“…Moche fine-line drawings of Ulluchu normally depict seed-pods or seeds floating in the air in sacrificial scenes, associated with runners and messengers or intoxicated priests. It is a grooved, comma-shaped fruit with an enlarged calyx found mainly in fine-line scenes painted on Moche ceramics. …”
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