“…These limitations have fuelled the search for alternative active materials (for transistors) and the introduction of optical interconnects (called “Si photonics”). …”
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“…Graphene has been proposed as the current controlling element of vertical transport in heterojunction transistors, as it could potentially achieve high operation frequencies due to its metallic character and 2D nature. …”
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“…Intriguingly, using HZO as a gate, flexible ferroelectric thin‐film transistors with a low operating voltage of ±3 V, high on/off ratio of 6.5  ×  10(5), and a small subthreshold slope of about 100 mV dec(−1), which outperform reported flexible ferroelectric transistors, are demonstrated. …”
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“…[Image: see text] The performance of transistors designed specifically for high-frequency applications is critically reliant upon the semi-insulating electrical properties of the substrate. …”
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“…Moreover, these patterned organic structures can also be integrated on 1.5 μm-thick parylene substrates to yield highly flexible (1 mm radius) and mechanically robust (5,000 bending cycles) thin-film transistors.…”
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“…The threshold voltage of the rectifying devices is compensated by the bias voltage generated by the auxiliary transistors and output DC voltage. The auxiliary transistors compensate the threshold voltage (V(th)) of the PMOS rectifying device while the threshold voltage (V(th)) of the NMOS rectifying device is compensated by the output DC voltage. …”
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“…The CDC 6600 cordwood module containing 64 silicon transistors. The module was mounted between two plates that were cooled conductive by a refrigeration unit via the front panel. …”
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“…Electronic Devices and Circuits, Volume 1 deals with the design and applications of electronic devices and circuits such as passive components, diodes, triodes and transistors, rectification and power supplies, amplifying circuits, electronic instruments, and oscillators. …”
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“…The text discusses semiconductor devices such as diodes, thyristors and triacs, transistors and heat sinks, logic and linear integrated circuits (I.C.s) and electromechanical devices. …”
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“…A number of heterojunction devices are also considered, from photovoltaic converters to photodiodes, transistors, and injection lasers.Comprised of eight chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the theory of heterojunctions and a discussion on abrupt isotype and anisotype heterojunctions, along with graded heterojunctions. …”
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“…The DEPFET Collaboration pursues the development of a high resolution pixel vertex detector for future colliders (like ILC), based on the integration of amplifying transistors into a fully depleted bulk. In August 2008, six DEPFET prototypes were tested in a pion beam at SPS complex at CERN, collecting more than 20 million of events. …”
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“…It gives the essentials on vacuum tubes, including tetrodes, klystrons, and inductive output tubes, and the essentials on transistors. The basics of combining systems, splitting systems, and transmission lines are discussed. …”
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“…Laterally diffused metal-oxide-semiconductors transistors PD-silicon on insulator 150-nm mixed technology from Microchip are irradiated with $^{60}$Co gamma rays. …”
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“…Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). …”
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“…In March 1972, Sir Robin Saxby gave a talk to the Royal Television Society called 'TV and Chips' about a 'state of the art' integrated circuit, containing 50 resistors and 50 transistors. Today's 'state of the art' chips contain up to a billion transistors. …”
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“…Engineering applications include microwave RF circuits and antennas in a variety of topological structures, RFID ICs and antennas, microstrips, circulators, cylindrical RF network antennas, Tunnel Diodes (TDs), bipolar transistors, field effect transistors (FETs), IMPATT amplifiers, Small Signal (SS) amplifiers, Bias-T circuits, PIN diode circuits, power amplifiers, oscillators, resonators, filters, N-turn antennas, dual spiral coil antennas, helix antennas, linear dipole and slot arrays, and hybrid translinear circuits. …”
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“…We have successfully implemented both ASICs in 0.25 micron CMOS technology using enclosed layout transistors and guard rings for increased radiation hardness. …”
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“…By reviewing a wide range of tuning mechanisms, including electronic approaches (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, Schottky diodes, high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), and graphene), optical approaches (photoactive semiconductor materials), phase-change materials (vanadium dioxide, chalcogenides, and liquid crystals), as well as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), this review summarizes recent developments in THz RISs in support of 6G communication links and discusses future research directions in this field.…”
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“…These results shed light on the opportunities and challenges in the design of topological insulator field-effect transistors.…”
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“…Introduction: Physics and Its Relation to Computer and Internet Technologies  Physics, Silicon, and the "Magic" behind the Internet Age  A Zoomed-In Look inside a Computer       Timeline of Great Discoveries and Inventions in Physics and Computer and Communication Technologies  The Methods and Significance of Science       The Relation of Science and Information Technology    Social Impacts: Science and Technology       Mathematics: The Language of Science and Technology    The Utility of Mathematics in Science and Technology   Graphs                Precision and Significant Digits          Large and Small Numbers and Scientific Notation     Real-World Example 2.1: Precision of Display Pixels    Units for Physical Quantities          Proportionality              Binary Numbers              The Concept of Information           Exponential Growth   Social Impacts: The Exponential Change of Nearly EverythingMechanics: Energy Enables Information TechnologyFrom Looms to Computers        Speed, Acceleration, and Force        In-Depth Look 3.1: Distance Traveled under Constant Acceleration     Real-World Example 3.1: Seek Time of a Hard-Drive Head  In-Depth Look 3.2: Net Force Vectors        Real-World Example 3.2: Acceleration in Cathode-Ray TubesPrinciples of Mechanics            Real-World Example 3.3: Force on a Hard-Drive Head    The Physics of Energy            Friction and Thermal Energy          The Constancy of Energy           Units for Mechanics             Power                Real-World Example 3.4: Motion Sensors in LaptopsSocial Impacts: Scientific Thought and Methods Have Arguably Changed the Course of Human History More Than Anything ElseMatter and Heat: Cooling Computers is Required by the Physics of ComputationFrom Steam Engines to ComputersMatter and AtomsGases, Liquids, and SolidsIn-Depth Look 4.1: Size and Numbers of AtomsReal-World Example 4.1: Growing Silicon Crystals for Computer ChipsPressure in a GasPressure in a LiquidPumps, Current, and ResistanceReal-World Example 4.2: A Water-Pressure-Operated ComputerTemperature              The Ideal GasHeat and Thermal Energy TransferReal-World Example 4.3: Cooling Computer Chips    Principles of Thermodynamics: Extracting Work from Heat  Cooling Computers is Required by the Physics of Computation              Social Impacts: The Industrial Revolution and the Information Revolution               Electricity and Magnetism: The Workhorses of Information TechnologyElectricity and Magnetism Are the Basis of Computers and the Internet           Electric ChargeIn-Depth Look 5.1: The Concept of Plus and Minus Electric ChargeElectric Forces: Coulomb's LawIn-Depth Look 5.2: The Discovery of the ElectronElectric FieldsIn-Depth Look 5.3: Electric Field LinesElectric Current and ConductorsElectrical Energy and VoltageReal-World Example 5.1: Capacitor Computer MemoryResistors, Conductors, and Ohm's LawElectrical Power MagnetismElectromagnetism             Real-World Example 5.2: The Telegraph, Precursor to the Internet                In-Depth Look 5.4: Magnetic Materials and Data StorageSocial Impacts: Innovation and Public Support of ScienceDigital Electronics and Computer LogicThe "Reasoning" Abilities of ComputersConcepts of LogicElectronic Logic CircuitsLogic Operations and DiagramsUsing Logic to Perform ArithmeticImplementing Logic with Electromagnetic SwitchesSupplemental Section: Boolean Search of Databases    Chapter 7 Waves: Sound, Radio, and LightCommunicating with Sound, Radio, and Light     Simple Harmonic Motion           Damped and Complex Harmonic Motion       Driven Harmonic Motion and Resonance       In-Depth Look 7.1: Resonance Frequencies      Real-World Example 7.1: Crystal Oscillators and Microprocessor Clocks            WavesSimple Harmonic WavesInterference of WavesIn-Depth Look 7.2: Standing WavesSound WavesIn-Depth Look 7.3: BeatsWireless Radio WavesReal-World Example 7.2: AM RadioLet There Be Light WavesIn-Depth Look 7.4: Light PolarizationReal-World Example 7.3: LCD ScreensInterference of Light            Social Impacts: Music, Science and Technology     Analog and Digital CommunicationCommunication Systems: Analog and DigitalBasics of Analog RadioBasics of Digital Radio            The Maximum Rate of Transmitting DataMaximum Data RateFrequency Multiplexing and BandwidthIn-Depth Look 8.1: Signal ReconstructionQuantum Physics of Atoms and MaterialsAtoms, Crystals, and ComputersThe Quantum Nature of Electrons and AtomsThe Experiments behind Quantum TheoryIn-Depth Look 9.1: Spectrum of Hydrogen AtomsThe Spinning of ElectronsThe Principles of Quantum PhysicsBuilding Up the AtomsReal-World Example 9.1: Fluorescent LampsElectrical Properties of MaterialsIn-Depth Look 9.2: Origin of the Energy Gap in Silicon CrystalsIn-Depth Look 9.3: Atomic Nature of Magnetic DomainsSocial Impacts: Science, Mysticism, and Pseudo-Science  Semiconductor Physics: Transistors and CircuitsSilicon, Transistors, and Computers        Controlling the Conductivity of Silicon       p-n Junctions and Diodes          Real-World Example 10.1: A Simple Crystal AM Radio ReceiverTransistors              CMOS Computer Logic           In-Depth Look 10.1: Water-Effect Transistors     Miniaturization, Integrated Circuits, and Photolithography  In-Depth Look 10.2: Bipolar Transistors      Social Impacts: Labeling Every Object in the World   Digital Memory and ComputersPhysics, Memory, and Computers        Sequential Logic for Computer Memory      Feedback Example #1: NOT Loop        Feedback Example #2: One-Time Latch       Static Random-Access Memory         In-Depth Look 11.1: SRAM with Six Transistors    Dynamic Random-Access Memory       Nonvolatile Memory            In-Depth Look 11.2: Quantum Tunneling      Magnetic Tape and Hard Disk Memory       Optical Compact Disk Memory        Error Immunity of Digital Data         The Structure of a Computer          Hierarchy of Computer Memory         Heat-Imposed Limits of Computers      Representing Information in Computers using Codes  Coding Images             Data Compression            Photons: Light Detectors and Light Emitting DiodesLight, Physics, and TechnologyThe Quantum Nature of Light-PhotonsPower and Energy in LightAbsorption of Light by Atoms and Crystals (or "How Einstein Got His Nobel Prize")In-Depth Look 12.1: Inability of Constant Voltage to Accelerate Electrons in an Insulator       Real-World Example 12.1: Semiconductor Light DetectorsEmission of Light by Atoms and CrystalsReal-World Example 12.2: Light-Emitting DiodesSocial Impacts: Lighting the Darkness (Efficiently)Light and Optical Fibers for the InternetLight as a Communication MediumPropagation, Reflection and Transmission of LightLight in Transparent MediaRefraction of Light at a BoundaryReflection of Light at a BoundaryTotal Internal ReflectionPrisms and Speeds of Different Colored LightLenses and Curved MirrorsOptical Loss in Materials-The Clarity of Optical FiberLight GuidingOptical FibersLight Pulses in Optical FibersSocial Impacts: Total Immersion in a Sea of InformationLight Amplification and LasersAtoms and LasersThe Uniqueness of Laser LightAbsorption and Emission of Light by AtomsLaser ResonatorsIn-Depth Look 14.1: Laser Resonator FrequenciesHow a Laser WorksThe Helium-Neon LaserIn-Depth Look 14.2: Extreme Laser FactsVariable-Color Semiconductor LasersOvercoming Losses in Fiber-Optic SystemsQuantum Physics Description of LasersThe Semiconductor Diode LaserFiber-Optics CommunicationBandwidth and the Physics of WavesOverview of Fiber-Optical Communication SystemsModulating a Laser Beam with DataWavelength Multiplexing in Optical CommunicationThe Virtues of Lasers for Optical CommunicationHardware for Wavelength MultiplexingLaser Beam RoutingCommunication Networks and the InternetThe Physics behind the InternetThe Goals of Computer Communication NetworksNoise in Analog and Digital SystemsChallenges in NetworkingBroadcasting Networks and Switching NetworksFailure-Resistant CommunicationsWireless Mobile Cell Phone NetworksPropagation of Wireless Waves in TerrainSummary of Scientific Notation and UnitsSources and Credits for Quotes Used with PermissionGlossary.…”
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