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  1. 5961
    “…To test specific hypotheses about the role of 5-HTTLPR variation on depression, we will perform coordinated meta-analyses of de novo results obtained from all available data, using variables and analyses determined a priori. Primary analyses, based on the original 2003 report by Caspi and colleagues of a GxE interaction will be supplemented by secondary analyses to help interpret and clarify issues ranging from the mechanism of effect to heterogeneity among the contributing studies. …”
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    Protocol for a collaborative meta-analysis of 5-HTTLPR, stress, and depression
  2. 5962
    “…Given current consumption and BMI distributions, our results suggest the largest relative effect would be expected among young rural men, refuting our a priori hypothesis that urban populations would be isolated beneficiaries of SSB taxation. …”
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    Averting Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in India through Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation: An Economic-Epidemiologic Modeling Study
  3. 5963
    “…A level of p < 0.05, family-wise corrected for multiple comparisons was the a priori set statistical threshold to infer significant effects from VBM. …”
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    Regionally accentuated reversible brain grey matter reduction in ultra marathon runners detected by voxel-based morphometry
  4. 5964
    “…Several patients randomised to CPFA were subsequently found to be undertreated. An a priori planned subgroup analysis showed those receiving a CPFA dose >0.18 L/kg/day had a lower mortality compared with controls (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.99). …”
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    Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: A multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial
  5. 5965
    “…Although CYP2D6 is a strong predictor of IDFS using strict inclusion criteria, because the results are not robust to inclusion criteria (these were not defined a priori), prospective studies are necessary to fully establish the value of CYP2D6 genotyping in tamoxifen therapy.…”
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    CYP2D6 Genotype and Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Meta-Analysis of Heterogeneous Study Populations
  6. 5966
    “…The 6-month progression-free survival was 60% with a 95% confidence interval of 43%–77%. The a priori stratification factor of small tumor diameter was shown to predict overall survival, while time to recurrence was not predictive of progression-free or overall survival. …”
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    Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery with concurrent temozolomide chemotherapy for locally recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a prospective cohort study
  7. 5967
    “…These changes in the resting brain are robust and task-independent as they were found in the absence of sensory stimulation and without a region-related a priori hypothesis. Therefore they may indicate a fundamental disease-related change in the resting brain. …”
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    Altered resting-state functional connectivity in patients with chronic bilateral vestibular failure
  8. 5968
    “…While much can still be inferred from incomplete or sparse pedigrees, it is crucial to evaluate the quality and power of available genetic information a priori to testing specific biological hypotheses. …”
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    Molecular pedigree reconstruction and estimation of evolutionary parameters in a wild Atlantic salmon river system with incomplete sampling: a power analysis
  9. 5969
    “…Criteria for discriminant validity was not met, with only 10 of the 15 (67%) a-priori hypotheses supported. Test-retest reliability was acceptable for 40 of the 89 items (45%) and for three of the five domains. …”
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    The Survivor Unmet Needs Survey (SUNS) for haematological cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study assessing the relevance and psychometric properties
  10. 5970
    “…CONCLUSIONS: We show how diverse functional annotations can be efficiently combined to create ‘functional signatures’ that predict the a priori odds of a variant’s association to a trait and how these signatures can be integrated into a standard genome–wide–scale association analysis, resulting in improved power to detect truly associated variants. …”
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    Functional annotation signatures of disease susceptibility loci improve SNP association analysis
  11. 5971
    “…Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of difficult intubation during IHCA compared to other emergent non-IHCA indications with adjustment for a priori defined potential confounders (body mass index, operator experience, use of videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy, and age). …”
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    Cardiac arrest is a predictor of difficult tracheal intubation independent of operator experience in hospitalized patients
  12. 5972
    “…The power to identify variants associated with traits, particularly those of small effects, could be increased if certain regions of the genome were known a priori to be enriched for associations. Here, we investigate whether twelve genomic annotation classes were enriched or depleted for significant associations in genome wide association studies for complex traits in beef and dairy cattle. …”
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    Regulatory and coding genome regions are enriched for trait associated variants in dairy and beef cattle
  13. 5973
    “…The primary end point was defined a priori as changes in SCCAI from baseline to the end of treatment. …”
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    First Multicenter Study of Modified Release Phosphatidylcholine “LT-02” in Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Mesalazine-Refractory Courses
  14. 5974
    “…To explore associations with toxoplasmosis seropositivity, covariates of interest were selected a priori, including source and home treatment of tap water. …”
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    Drinking water source and human Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data
  15. 5975
    “…PK was an exploratory endpoint and a priori, no sample size had been determined. Day 7 capillary and venous plasma concentrations of piperaquine were measured in children aged 2–10 years. …”
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    Efficacy and Day 7 Plasma Piperaquine Concentrations in African Children Treated for Uncomplicated Malaria with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine
  16. 5976
    “…Each study was evaluated by two authors independently for 8 non-nutritive (study design, target population, a priori power calculation, adjustment for baseline growth status, postnatal complication, other confounders, observer blinding to feeding status, effect size) and 5 nutritive (definition and duration of HM intake, use of HM fortifier, source of HM data, infant formula used) methodology parameters, and consistency and directness of outcome measures. …”
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    Human milk and neurodevelopment in children with very low birth weight: a systematic review
  17. 5977
    “…Although there was no significant effect on fasting plasma insulin, glycated hemoglobin, or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, a priori subgroup analyses did show significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin in parallel compared to crossover trials (MD = 0.22% [95%CI: 0.06 to 0.37], P = 0.01). …”
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    The Effect of Ginseng (The Genus Panax) on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
  18. 5978
    “…Within this group of interactions, less than 0.03% would have been detectable based on main effect approach or an a priori algorithm. We evaluated correlations among the three different models and conclude that all three algorithms detected the same interactions to a low degree. …”
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    The genetic interacting landscape of 63 candidate genes in Major Depressive Disorder: an explorative study
  19. 5979
    “…Because of this unprecedented NP accumulation, potentially adverse biological responses in tissues and cells cannot be neglected a priori but require thorough investigations. Therefore, we studied the interactions and protein binding kinetics of blood serum proteins with a number of engineered NP as a function of their physicochemical properties. …”
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    In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics
  20. 5980
    “…When possible, we will conduct: (1) in direct comparisons, a random-effects meta-analysis to establish the effect of reported therapies on patient-important outcomes; and (2) a multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis within a Bayesian framework to assess the relative effects of treatments. We will define a priori hypotheses to explain heterogeneity between studies, and conduct meta-regression and subgroup analyses consistent with the current best practices. …”
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    Management of chronic neuropathic pain: a protocol for a multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
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