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“…In the standard framework of non-equilibrium quantum field theories, the pinch singularities associated to multiple products of \delta-functions do not cancel in a perturbative expansion unless the particle distributions are those for a system in thermal and chemical equilibrium.…”
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“…This effect induces different densities of neutrinos and antineutrinos while in chemical equilibrium, offering new scenarios for leptogenesis and baryogenesis even in the absence of CP violation.…”
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“…The samples reach chemical equilibrium at fluences around 2–3 × 10(18) cm(−2). …”
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“…The analysis of C(p)(T) is usually performed with the chemical equilibrium two-state model. This is not necessary and leads to incorrect thermodynamic consequences. …”
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“…This, together with the particular distribution of strangeness within a collision fireball, could indicate that chemical equilibrium is a direct consequence of parton to hadron transition, which populates a state of maximum entropy. …”
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“…A statistical model assuming chemical equilibrium and local strangeness conservation (i.e. strangeness conservation per collision) explains most of the observed features. …”
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“…We construct a realistic equation of state for QCD matter at vanishing net-baryon density, which is based on recent lattice QCD results at high temperatures combined with a hadron resonance gas model in the low-temperature, confined phase. Partial chemical equilibrium, in which certain particle ratios are fixed at the chemical freeze-out, can be implemented, allowing a description closer to the experimental situation. …”
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“…The light quark ($u$, $d$, $s$) chemical equilibration time is approximately 10-100 $T^{-1}$ for $g=$2-3, so that quarks are likely to remain far from chemical equilibrium in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions.…”
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“…The $\pi$ and $\rho$ mesons remain near chemical equilibrium in all cases, while the $\omega$ meson density is typically 30--50\% higher than the equilibrium value for O+Ag collisions at $\sqrt{s}=20$ GeV. …”
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“…We study particle yield fluctuations within the statistical hadronization model, considering both chemical equilibrium and non-equilibrium. Considering both the particle yield ratios and the yield fluctuations we show that it is possible to differentiate the chemical freeze-out conditions. …”
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“…A series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determining whether a light environment comprising radiations of comparatively long wave-length and only a small amount of energy was capable of affecting the chemical equilibrium of the blood as indicated by the calcium and inorganic phosphorus content of the blood of normal rabbits. …”
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“…On the other hand, we demonstrate that for such small $\alpha_s$ the gluon system is far from kinetic and chemical equilibrium, which indicates the break down of second order hydrodynamics because of the strong noneqilibrium evolution. …”
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“…By relating the transport properties of QGP and the system size we estimate that hadronic collisions with final state multiplicities $dN_{\text {ch}}/d\eta > 10^2$ live long enough to reach approximate chemical equilibrium for all collision systems. Therefore we expect the saturation of strangeness enhancement to occur at the same multiplicity in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions.…”
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“…We study the possible effects of strangeness suppression because of incomplete chemical equilibrium and pion enhancement due to different hard-core repulsion for pions and other hadrons. …”
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“…We next examine the possibility of encoding the baryon asymmetry in a primordial asymmetry for the right-handed electron, which due to its weak Yukawa interaction only comes into chemical equilibrium as the sphalerons are falling out of equilibrium. …”
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“…The kinetics of interaction between potential, chemical equilibrium, and electromotance in the excitable system of nerve are analyzed. …”
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