“…These results are discussed in the context of chemical equilibrium predictions, taking into account the extracted temperature parameter from a thermal model fit to the hadron yields in Pb-Pb data.…”
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“…Finally, we discuss separate chemical and kinetic freeze-outs separated by partial chemical equilibrium.…”
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“…A general Gibbs energy representation of the fundamental equation for multi-phase systems in chemical equilibrium is presented. No difference is made between physical and chemical transitions, i.e. between phase and combination changes. …”
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“…Particularly for long-term measurements, however, a mechanical advection effect can no longer be ignored, which transports the proteins in specific directions within the cells and accordingly shifts the spatial distribution of the local chemical equilibrium. Nevertheless, existing FRAP models have not considered the spatial shift, and as such, the turnover rate is often analyzed without considering the spatiotemporally updated chemical equilibrium. …”
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“…Computational Transport PhenomenaOverviewTransport PhenomenaAnalyzing Transport PhenomenaA Computational Tool: The CTP CodeVerification, Validation, and GeneralizationSummaryNomenclatureReferencesThe Equations of ChangeIntroductionDerivation of The Continuity EquationDerivation of The Species Continuity EquationDerivation of The Equation Of MotionDerivation of The General Energy EquationNon-Newtonian FluidsGeneral Property BalanceAnalytical and Approximate Solutions for the Equations of ChangeSummaryNomenclatureReferencesPhysical PropertiesOverviewReal-Fluid ThermodynamicsChemical Equilibrium …”
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“…The key idea behind wash-in leptogenesis is to generalize standard freeze-out leptogenesis to a nonminimal cosmological background in which the chemical potentials of all particles not in chemical equilibrium at the temperature of leptogenesis are allowed to take arbitrary values. …”
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“…However a large asymmetry in electron neutrino number shifts the chemical equilibrium between the neutron and proton at neutron freeze-out and allows such additional particle species. …”
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“…The time evolution and the approach to chemical equilibrium in the above ensembles is discussed in terms of kinetic master equation. …”
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“…Indirect estimations of free NAD(+)/NADH are based on the lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio at chemical equilibrium, but these measurements are often undermined by high lability. …”
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“…Blood ammonia was in a chemical equilibrium relationship with intestinal ammonia. …”
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“…Arsenic moves in a dispersive manner through air and water and is in physical and chemical equilibrium in many substrates. It is oxidized, reduced, methylated, volatilized, incorporated into biotic tissues, excreted, adsorbed, and desorbed. …”
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“…Our results show that even in a quite optimistic scenario, all quarks are far from chemical equilibrium throughout the expansion. Thermal production of light quarks (u, d and s) is nearly independent of species. …”
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“…The approach of a parton plasma at future heavy ion colliders towards kinetic and chemical equilibrium is considered. A plasma with a self-consistent evolving parton-parton interaction strength is shown to equilibrate better and faster than the usual but inconsistent one with a fixed strength. …”
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“…Chemical kinetics govern the dynamics of chemical systems leading towards chemical equilibrium. There are several general properties of the dynamics of chemical reactions such as the existence of disparate time scales and the fact that most time scales are dissipative. …”
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“…We estimate that hadronic collisions with final state multiplicities ${dN_\text{ch}}/{d\eta}\gtrsim 10^2$ live long enough to reach approximate chemical equilibrium, which is consistent with the saturation of strangeness enhancement observed in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions.…”
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“…In order to have a better description of the experimental situation we use an implementation of the HRG model that allows the system to switch, after the chemical freeze-out, to a situation of partial chemical equilibrium. We explore the possibility of different freeze-out temperatures. …”
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“…By relating the transport properties of QGP and the system size we estimate that hadronic collisions with final state multiplicities $dN_{ch}/dη≥10^2$ live long enough to reach approximate chemical equilibrium for all collision systems. Therefore we expect the saturation of strangeness enhancement to occur at the same multiplicity in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. …”
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“…To facilitate gradual learning, two chapters are devoted to thermodynamics of pure and gaseous mixture substances, followed by one chapter each on chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics. This material when coupled with a dedicated chapter on understanding of equations governing transport of momentum, heat and mass in the presence of chemical reactions provides adequate grounding to undertake analysis of practical combustion equipment, of premixed and diffusion flames as well as of solid particle and liquid droplet combustion. …”
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“…The seven extensive chapters contained in this volume are: - Chemical Equilibrium Detonation (S. Bastea and LE Fried) - Steady One-Dimensional Detonations (A Higgins) - Detonation Instability (HD Ng and F Zhang) - Dynamic Parameters of Detonation (AA Vasiliev) - Multi-Scaled Cellular Detonation (D Desbordes and HN Presles) - Condensed Matter Detonation: Theory and Practice (C Tarver) - Theory of Detonation Shock Dynamics (JB Bdzil and DS Stewart) The chapters are thematically interrelated in a systematic descriptive approach, though, each chapter is self-contained and can be read independently from the others.  …”
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