“…In order to address the need for better guidance within the context of global health, we describe three basic criteria (Appropriateness, Fairness, and Bias) that can be used to help evaluate the use of machine learning and AI systems: 1) APPROPRIATENESS is the process of deciding how the algorithm should be used in the local context, and properly matching the machine learning model to the target population; 2) BIAS is a systematic tendency in a model to favor one demographic group vs another, which can be mitigated but can lead to unfairness; and 3) FAIRNESS involves examining the impact on various demographic groups and choosing one of several mathematical definitions of group fairness that will adequately satisfy the desired set of legal, cultural, and ethical requirements. Finally, we illustrate how these principles can be applied using a case study of machine learning applied to the diagnosis and screening of pulmonary disease in Pune, India. …”
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“…The study protocol was approved by our institution’s Ethical Committee (17100582). Results: This study showed a wide gap between international standards and local prescribing practices and calls for multiple interventions to improve our practice. …”
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“…BACKGROUND: It is an ethical and scientific obligation to register each clinical trial, and report its results, accurately, comprehensively and on time. …”
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“…This article presents an innovative analysis of social media interactions to identify unmet education and information needs of patients with IgAN. METHODS: Following ethical approval for the study, the IgAN Support UK Facebook group (https://www.facebook.com/groups/915274415226674) granted us permission to anonymously collect and analyze 1959 posts and comments from 498 group users. …”
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“…A descriptive and bivariate analysis was conducted. Ethical aspects: informed consent, anonymized data. …”
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“…However, there are still unsolved ethical concerns on general genetic investigations. …”
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“…Experimental results show that the pain assessments of the human observers are significantly better than guessing and perform better than the automatic baseline approach (RFc-BL) by about 1%; however, the human performance is quite poor due to the challenge that pain that is ethically allowed to be induced in experimental studies often does not show up in facial reaction. …”
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“…Studies were categorized using an existing theoretical framework of acceptability consisting of seven constructs: affective attitude, burden, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity costs, perceived effectiveness, and self-efficacy. …”
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“…Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was calculated based on absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte count. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to the study. …”
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“…A cross-sectional study with puerperal women was conducted in Spain following ethical approval. The Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) was administered online. …”
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“…This technique suffers from poor reproducibility and low sensitivity and is ethically disfavored over concerns for the welfare of laboratory animals. …”
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“…METHODS: This prospective observational study was performed in the Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, MTI/LRH, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 2016 to December 2019 after approved from Institutional Research and Ethical Board. All consented patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled. …”
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“…This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the Ruhr-University of Bochum (approval No. 2435) in September, 2004.…”
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“…CONCLUSION: All three treatment areas analysed lacked reporting quality regarding the justification of the number of patients included in a clinical trial based on a sample size calculation required for ethical reasons. More than half of all RCT publications reviewed did not provide all of the required information on statistical sample size calculation, and thus lacked transparency and completeness. …”
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“…Due to this point of view, ethical approval is not applicable. Four PQ dimensions (nurse, physician, and nurse assistant actions [NA], and discharge information [DI]) were measured in all COVID patients (57) and in a sample of non-COVID patients (60) discharged at home during the first month of the pandemic, and also compared with another sample (384) from an immediately previous period. …”
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“…However, HCTs for COVID‐19 pose ethical and practical challenges, in part due to the unclear and developing risks. …”
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“…This remains a challenge given a biobank's position at the interplay of ethical, societal, scientific, and commercial values and the difficulties in finding continuous funding. …”
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“…In general, the faculty were significantly less likely to consider referring patients for CAIM treatments, integrating them with conventional medicine, referring patients to alternative healthcare providers, considering the use of subtle energy fields as an ethical form of treatment, or considering CAIM treatments to be less invasive and harmful compared with conventional medicine. …”
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“…RESULTS: Factors affecting hospital emergency evacuation during fire were categorized into five main categories and 17 subcategories including response to incident (five subcategories of fire nature, emergency evacuation, service provision, coordination and communication; and collaboration and companionship), human factors (two subcategories of individual characteristics and competencies), hospital preparedness (three subcategories of planning, safety and security; and information management system), environmental factors (two subcategories of hospital design and infrastructure; and weather condition), and finally ethical values (five subcategories of human dignity, trust, altruism, responsibility and accountability; and empathy). …”
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“…In the future, these findings potentially support physicians in ethically challenging decision-making processes and in advice for patients’ families under consideration of an individual evaluation of each patient.…”
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